First Space Encyclopedia

138 Pages·2016·39.72 MB·English

by  Dorling Kindersley

First Space
Encyclopedia
001_half_title.indd 1 04/12/15 4:27 pm
Contents
REVISED EDITION
Editor Ishani Nandi
Assistant editor Debangana Banerjee
What is space?
Art editor Nehal Verma
Senior editor Shatarupa Chaudhuri 4-5 What is space?
DTP designer Bimlesh Tiwary
Managing editors Laura Gilbert, 6-7 Where does space begin?
Alka Thakur Hazarika
8-9 Stargazers
Managing art editors Diane Peyton Jones,
Romi Chakraborty 10-11 Observatories
CTS manager Balwant Singh
12-13 Radio telescopes
Publisher Sarah Larter
Senior producer, pre-production Francesca Wardell 14-15 Our place in space
Producer Nicole Landau
Jacket editor Ishani Nandi 16-17 Great galaxies
Jacket designer Dheeraj Arora
18-19 The Milky Way
Publishing director Sophie Mitchell
Art director Stuart Jackman 20-21 Nearby stars
Consultant Carole Stott
22-23 The Universe
ORIGINAL EDITION
Written and edited by Caroline Bingham
Design team Gemma Fletcher, Poppy Joslin, Exploring space
Sadie Thomas, Mary Sandberg, and Bookwork
Editorial team Carrie Love, Lorrie Mack, and Penny Smith 24-25 Exploring space
Publishing manager Susan Leonard
26-27 Astronaut in training
Art Director Rachael Foster
Category Publisher Mary Ling 28-29 What’s in your suitcase?
Picture Researcher Andrea Sadler
30-31 Rockets
DK Picture Library Claire Bowers, Rose Horridge
Production editor Jonathan Ward 32-33 Moon journey
Production controller Claire Pearson
Consultant Dr Jon Woodcock 34-35 Men on the Moon
36-37 Space shuttle
First published in Great Britain in 2008
This edition first published in Great Britain in 2016 38-39 Space stations
by Dorling Kindersley Limited,
40-41 Living in space
80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL
42-43 Working in space
Copyright © 2008, © 2016
44-45 Artificial satellites
Dorling Kindersley Limited, London
A Penguin Random House Company 46-47 Exploring Mars
48-49 Reach for the stars!
4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1
001–280447–Jun/2016
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the prior
written permission of the copyright owner.
A CIP catalogue record for this book
is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978-0-24118-874-3
Printed and bound in Hong Kong

A WORLD OF IDEAS:
SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW
2
This book will ask you questions at the bottom of each page...
002-003_Contents.indd 2 04/12/15 4:27 pm
The solar system 100-101 Are there other Earths?
50-51 The solar system 102-103 A star is born
52-53 The Sun 104-105 Death of a star
54-55 Eclipse of the Sun
56-57 Mercury Space for everyone
58-59 The morning star 106-107 Space for everyone
60-61 Third rock from the Sun 108-109 Become a stargazer
62-63 The Moon 110-111 Phases of the Moon
64-65 The Red Planet 112-113 Constellations
66-67 King of the planets 114-115 The northern sky
68-69 Jupiter’s moons 116-117 The southern sky
70-71 Saturn 118-119 Space technology
72-73 Distant twins 120-121 Space timeline
74-75 Pluto
Reference section
Comets and meteors 122-123 True or false?
76-77 Comets and meteors 124-125 Quiz
78-79 Just passing 126-127 Who am I?
80-81 Shooting stars 128-129 Where in the world?
82-83 The asteroid belt 130-131 Glossary
84-85 Asteroid landing 132-135 Index
86-87 Space debris 136 Picture credits and
acknowledgements
Mysteries of space
88-89 Mysteries of space
About this book
90-91 UFOs
The pages of this book have special features that
92-93 Is anyone there?
will show you how to get your hands on as much
94-95 Is there life on Mars?
information as possible! Look out for these:
96-97 The Big Bang
98-99 Black holes The Picture detective
What is space? What is space?
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The solar system King of the planets
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.srewsna eht rof ereh kcehc ...
002-003_Contents.indd 3 04/12/15 4:44 pm
What is space?
What is space?
Space holds many secrets. It contains places where human
beings can be stretched into different shapes, and their
body fluids can be boiled, or frozen solid. That’s why
astronauts wear protective clothing in space. Welcome
to the mysterious – and endlessly fascinating – Universe.
Is that space?
What is space?
On a cloudless night,
When people think
you can see thousands
of space, they think of stars. Space is the
of the following: name we give to the
huge empty areas in
Astronauts feel between the atmospheres
weightless and of stars and planets.
float around.
Apart from the odd
rock, space is sprinkled
Vast areas of space only with dust and gas.
are completely empty.
Every star is a
burning ball of gas.
Our Sun is a star.
Astronauts, or
cosmonauts, are people
who travel into space.
Space probes and
artificial satellites
Too big to imagine
are what scientists
use to explore space. Astronomers measure distance
in space in light years. One
There is no air in space, so light year is the distance light
there is absolute silence. travels in one year – that’s
about 10 million million km
(6 million million miles).
A planetary nebula is
a colourful cloud of gas
and dust ejected by a dying
star. This is the Helix Nebula,
about 650 light years away,
seen from NASA’s Spitzer
Space Telescope.
4
How old is the Universe?
004-005_What_is_Space.indd 4 04/12/15 4:27 pm
What is space?
Why is space Picture detective
so dark? Look through the What
Space is dark because is Space? section and
there is nothing there
see if you can identify
to reflect light. From
the pictures below.
space, the Earth
looks lit up because
light from our Sun
reflects off sea
and land, and
the particles in
our atmosphere.
US astronaut
Michael Gernhardt
went on four
separate space
missions, and
spent more than
23 hours walking
around in space.
Turn
and learn
Searching
for a star:
pp. 48-49
Living in space:
pp. 40-41
5
.dlo sraey noillib 41 rednu tsuj s’ti eveileb strepxE
004-005_What_is_Space.indd 5 04/12/15 4:27 pm
What is space?
Where does The exosphere is the outer
E
x layer of the atmosphere,
o
s extending about 10,000 km
P
h (6,000 miles) above the
E
r ground. From here, lighter
E
gases drift into space beyond.
space begin?
The thermosphere reaches
way up to more than
700 km (over 400 miles)
above the Earth. The polar
The Earth is cloaked in lights (aurora borealis
attwbhhr hteieshe a ariatnethtm metlah,o oyeossreprper h th iooeser f ra eneg.lo laiOo ssaw eusisr ptw sa–tioidc n eeg, s ThErmos gianluo stwhtre ai nlni sot hrinteh t thahene drsm oauoutsrhpo)hr ae r e. I f y o uo ncolyu ladb doruitv ea na hcoaur rs ttroa irgehatc hu ps,p iat cwe.ould take
P
h
E
to fly, and where nobody rE
can hear you scream.
Fading away
most experts agree that
Our atmosphere does not just end space begins at 100 km
(63 miles) above the ground.
suddenly – it fades gradually into space.
Past this, our image is not
drawn to scale.
View from Mir
The Russian Mir space station was in orbit
for 15 years. Here, it was photographed by The mesosphere extends
m
about 85 km (53 miles)
the US shuttle Atlantis. E
s above the ground. The
o
s air is thin here, but it’s
P
h still thick enough to
E
r slow meteorites down.
E
s The stratosphere rises about
T
r 50 km (31 miles) above the
A
T Earth. Planes cruise in the
o
s upper troposphere or
P
h lower stratosphere,
E
r above the clouds.
E
T
r The troposphere extends
o
P between 6 and 20 km
o
s (3½–12 miles) above the
P
h ground. All our weather takes
Er place in the troposphere.
E
6
What is the mix of gases that makes up our atmosphere called?
006-007_Space_Begins.indd 6 04/12/15 4:27 pm
Where does space begin?
Space badge
The US space agency NASA
(National Aeronautics and Space
Administration) awards astronaut wings
to service personnel and civilians who
have flown more than 80 km (50 miles)
above the Earth’s surface. Shown here
are civilian astronaut wings.
I f y o uo ncolyu ladb doruitv ea na hcoaur rs ttroa irgehatc hu ps,p iat cwe.ould take
Gaia, a European
satellite, launched
in 2013
Slipping
Fuel
tank
through air
Rocket A spacecraft has
booster
to be streamlined
to move easily and
Orbiter
safely through air.
Where necessary,
an extra part, called
a fairing, is added
The parts of to achieve this effect.
a spacecraft A nose cone – the Space hat-ellite
(the orbiter,
front end of a rocket,
fuel tank, and Up in space, satellites can
rocket boosters) or aircraft – is an
be any shape at all. They
are streamlined
example of a fairing.
for lift-off. don’t need to be streamlined,
because there’s no air there.
7
.ria dellac si tI
006-007_Space_Begins.indd 7 04/12/15 4:27 pm
What is space?
Stargazers
e i r d or wha
w t
?
Galileo’s discoveries
People have studied celestial objects were not welcomed by the
Church in 17th-century Italy,
for thousands of years. This study is
and he spent the last few
called astronomy. Around 400 years years of his life under
house arrest.
ago, a special tool was invented that
made the task easier – this tool is
called a telescope.
Before the telescope
People were shocked when Polish
astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus
suggested in 1543 that the Earth
was just another planet and the
planets orbited (went around)
the Sun. Then, it was a common
belief that the Earth was at the
centre of the Universe.
Copernicus placed the
Sun at the centre of the
planets. He “stopped
the Sun and moved
the Earth”.
Guess what I can see!
The Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei built a
simple telescope in 1609 and proved Copernicus
Saturn as sketched
had been right. He discovered Venus had phases by Galileo – he
thought Saturn’s
(like our Moon), he saw Jupiter’s moons, and he
rings were two
spotted mountains on our Moon. moons or “ears”.
Replica of a
17th-century
telescope
Saturn as we
know it today
8
Who invented the first telescope?
008-009_Stargazers.indd 8 04/12/15 4:28 pm