First large-scale ethnobotanical survey in the province of Uíge, northern Angola

73 Pages·2017·1.17 MB·English

by  Thea Lautenschläger

Lautenschlägeretal.JournalofEthnobiologyandEthnomedicine (2018) 14:51
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0238-3
RESEARCH Open Access
First large-scale ethnobotanical survey in
the province of Uíge, northern Angola
Thea Lautenschläger1* , Mawunu Monizi2, Macuntima Pedro2, José Lau Mandombe2, Makaya Futuro Bránquima2,
Christin Heinze1 and Christoph Neinhuis1
Abstract
Background: Angola suffered a long-lastingmilitary conflict. Therefore, traditional knowledge of plant usage is still
animportant part ofcultural heritage, especially concerning thestill very poorhealth care system in thecountry.
Our study documentsfor thefirst time traditional knowledge of plant use of local Bakongocommunities inthe
northern province of Uíge ona large scale with a focus onmedicinal plants and puts data in context to different
parameters ofage, gender and distance to the provincial capital.
Methods: Fieldworkwascarriedoutduringninefieldtripsin13municipalitiesbetweenOctober2013andOctober
2016.In62groups,162informantswereinterviewed.Herbariumspecimensweretakenforlateridentification.Database
was analysed using Relative Frequency of Citations, Cultural Importance Index, and Informant Consensus
Factor. Furthermore, significances of influence of age, gender and distance were calculated.
Results: Our study presents 2390 use-reports, listing 358 species in 96 plant families, while just three out of
358 mentioned species are endemic to Angola about one-fifth are neophytes. The larger the distance, the
higher the number of use citations of medical plants. Although women represent just a fifth of all citations
(22%), their contribution to medicinal plants was proportionally even higher (83%) than those of men (74%).
Fifty percent of all plants mentioned in the study were just listed by men, 12% just by women. We made
some new discoveries, for example. Gardenia ternifolia seems to be promising for treatment of measles, and
Annona stenophylla subsp. cuneata has never been ethnobotanically nor phytochemically investigated.
Conclusions: While the study area is large, no significant influence of the distance in regard to species
composition in traditional healer’s concepts of the respective village was pointed out. Although several plants
were just mentioned by women or men, respectively, no significant restriction to gender-specific illnesses in
medical plant use could be found. Merely concerning the age of informants, a slight shift could be detected.
Keywords: Medicinal plants, Angola, Ethnobotany, Influence of distance, Gender-specific, Neophytes
Background investigated Ovimbundu traditionalmedicine, listingplant
Angola is regarded as a country with an unusually rich names just in Ovimbundu language without identifying
biodiversity covering a high amount of vegetation zones botanical species [3, 4]. Nowadays, the considerable work
and habitats [1, 2]. Although several botanists, among of Figueiredo and Smith [1] creating a plant checklist for
them Friedrich Welwitsch (1806–1872), Hugo Baum the country with about 7000 species represents a useful
(1867–1950) and John Gossweiler (1873–1952), visited database for following and future studies. While quite a
and studied this richness, the war lasting 40 years did not number of surveys were conducted in Southern Angola,
allow them to carry out continuous botanical or ethno- just afewarelocated inthenorthernpart[5,6]. Göhre et
botanical investigations [1]. Bossard (1987, 1993) al. [7] collected ethnobotanical data in disturbed areas
around the city of Uíge. Monizi et al. [8] described a high
variety of wild plants used for securing human survival in
*Correspondence:[email protected]
Ambuila, one of the 16 municipalities in the province of
1DepartmentofBiology,InstituteofBotany,FacultyofScience,Technische
UniversitätDresden,01062Dresden,Germany Uíge[8].Heinzeetal.[9]conductedthefirstethnobotanical
Fulllistofauthorinformationisavailableattheendofthearticle
©TheAuthor(s).2018OpenAccessThisarticleisdistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0
InternationalLicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/),whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,and
reproductioninanymedium,providedyougiveappropriatecredittotheoriginalauthor(s)andthesource,providealinkto
theCreativeCommonslicense,andindicateifchangesweremade.TheCreativeCommonsPublicDomainDedicationwaiver
(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)appliestothedatamadeavailableinthisarticle,unlessotherwisestated.
Lautenschlägeretal.JournalofEthnobiologyandEthnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page2of73
studies in the neighbouring province Cuanza Norte. Spe- climate is characterized by a rainy season lasting at least
cific descriptions of fibre uses were given by Senwitz et al. 6 months, relative air humidity above 80% and typical
[10]. According to the distribution of the ethnic tribe dense fog, locally called Cacimbo [22–24]. Due to the
Bakongo, covering northernAngolaaswell astheadjacent global ecoregions map defined by the World Wildlife
Bas-Congo area, ethnobotanical studies conducted in the Fund (WWF), the province of Uíge covers the ecoregion
Democratic Republic of Congo should reveal comparable called the Western Congolian Forest-Savannah Mosaic
resultsofethnobotanicalusesinAngola[11]. [25]. A more precise description of the region was given
Traditionalknowledgeisessentialforthehealthycultural by White [24] who classified Angola north between the
and social life within a society [12]. It is generally assumed Guineo-Congolian and the Zambesian Regions, i.e., the
that indigenous traditional knowledge information is going Guinea-Congolian/Zambesian Regional Transition Zone.
tobelostbecauseitis,atleastpartlynolongeressentialfor According to that classification, this zone is character-
thesurvivalofpeople.Thisiseitherduetoinfluencessuch ized by a high complexity since elements of both forma-
as the rapid development of rural areas or because of dis- tions are present. Edaphic conditions and the existence
placement of indigenous people [13, 14]. Although several of a diverse topography strongly influence the formation
infrastructure measures were undertaken in Angola, devel- of distinctive patterns of mosaic vegetation shown in
opment is still slow, especially regarding the public health Fig. 1c. Barbosa [26] subdivided the area into six vegeta-
sector. Even if child mortality in Africa decreased during tion zones,shown inFig.1d.
the last two decades, it is still very high. More specifically, The long lasting war in Angola had a highly negative
Angola has the highest rate in Africa and worldwide and, impact on biodiversity [27]. But also prior to the con-
following Sierra Leone the lowest life expectancy for flicts, several species of economic value on international
women and men worldwide [15, 16]. Sousa-Figueiredo et timber markets like Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C.Berg or
al.[17]detectedmalnutritionandanaemiaaspublichealth species of Entandrophragma were historically exploited
problems. Smith et al. [18] documented that the overall and are still under increasing pressure [22]. This rising
prevalence of malnutrition is higher in rural than then in forestlossisconfirmed byglobalanalysisofsatellitedata
urban areas. In this context, ethnobotanical studies in [28]. Moyo et al. [19] calculate for Guinean Forests in
northern Angola seemed reasonable not only in terms of West Africa a remaining area of 15%. On the other
documentation of the current state but urgently needed to hand, the National Report on forest resources by the
record still existing knowledge. Furthermore, Moyo et al. FAO [29], based on data captured by Horsten, reported
[19]statedthattherichfloraofsub-SaharanAfricasuggests not more than 4% of the Uíge area as productive [7, 30].
enormous potential for discovery of new chemical compo- Beside deforestation, Göhre et al. [7] reported uncon-
nentswiththerapeuticvalue. trolled burning caused by growing agricultural activities.
In our large-scaled survey in the northern province of Hence, large areas are heavily disturbed anthropogenic-
Uíge, covering about 60,000 km2, 13 out of 16 munici- ally resulting in an increased abundance of Zambezian
palities were visited, including both savannah and forest floristic elements following the destruction of the
formations.Therefore,this studyforthefirsttime original vegetation leaving only secondary grass- and
woodland [24]. Recordings in the remaining forest
1. Providesanoverviewoftraditionalplantuses and patches exhibit tropical rainforest and savannah
health methods intheprovince ofUíge species assemblages comparable with the Bas-Congo
2. Highlightsnative aswellasintroducedplant species region [11, 31, 32].
usedintraditionalmedicine Since the vegetation formations are very heteroge-
3. Analysestheinfluenceofgender,age and distance neous, traditional use of plants by people is prevalent
fromtheprovincecapitalUígewithregardtouses and manifold. The province comprises 16 municipalities,
andmethods covering an area of 58.698 km2 inhabited by more than
1.4 million people [33], the majority of which belongs to
Methods the Kikongo speaking Bakongo ethnic group [33]. As
Studyarea this Bantu group is also living in the neighbouring coun-
The studies were conducted in the province of Uíge lo- tries Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the
catedintheverynorthofAngola,borderinginthenorth Congo, and Gabon, manifold influences caused by mi-
and east to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in gration due to political problems and conflicts are part
the south to the provinces of Malanje, Cuanza Norte, of its culture. Very little is known about the health care
and Bengo, and in the west to Zaire province (Fig. 1). system in Angola. Faith-based organizations’ contribu-
According to the Köppen climate classification, the tion to Angola’s health care system is very low, com-
province has a tropical wet or dry or savannah climate pared to other sub-Saharan countries [34]. In turn, the
Aw [20, 21]. This so-called Guineo-Congolian rainforest government is cutting the health budget due to the
Lautenschlägeretal.JournalofEthnobiologyandEthnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page3of73
Fig.1aLocationofAngolainAfrica,bprovinceofUígeinAngola,cmosaicofforestandsavannahpatchesinthemunicipalityofAmbuila(d)
mapofstudyareawithvegetationzones,collectionsitesmarkedwithablackdotandcirclesrepresentingthedistancetoUígecity:innercircle
≤160km,outercircle>160km;vegetationzonesaccordingtoBarbosa[26].CartafitogeográficadeAngola.InstitutodeInvestigaçãoCientífica
deAngola,Luanda.Graphic:AndreasKempe
falling prices for oil [35]. The lack of health infrastruc- informants, local authorities of the visited villages (called
ture,especiallyinruralareas,isaseriousproblemresult- soba and seculo) were informed about the aims and
ing in the constant importance of traditional healers and methods of the study and asked to suggest persons with
herbal medicines[36]. experience in traditional medicine that might participate
(prior informed consent). Hence, all the interviews were
Datacollection conducted with at least one traditional herbalist some-
Data sampling was carried out between 5° 58′ 59.2″ and times accompanied by laypeople. We tried to form a
7° 56′ 59.4″ southern latitude and between 14° 33′ 53.7″ gender-balanced research without violating cultural and/
and 16° 17′ 04.5″ longitude, covering 35 localities in 13 or sacred taboos [37]. The specification of the obtained
municipalities(Fig.1).Accordingtothedistancefromthe knowledge varied from location to location and person to
provincial capital Uíge, two distance levels A (≤160 km) person. Information was collected during semi-structured
and B (170–330 km) weredefined. During nine field trips interviews,transectwalksandgroupdiscussions[38].Cri-
betweenOctober2013and October2016,162informants teria used to define the uses reported are based on infor-
were involved in the study, 30 of those were interviewed mant’s statements. Since Silva et al. [39] recommended
on their own, 132 were interviewed in groups of two to vegetationinventoriestoguaranteeacorrectidentification
five persons, bringing the total number of interviews to of species and better identification by informants, walks
62.Inadvance, the UniversityKimpaVitaformulatedcre- into the traditionally used plant collecting areas were al-
dentials to inform the mayors of the municipalities about wayspartofinterviews,includingforestandsavannahfor-
the planned activities. To establish contact with potential mations,sincethesetwohabitatsalternateveryfrequently.
Lautenschlägeretal.JournalofEthnobiologyandEthnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page4of73
During field-work, Portuguese language was mainly used, the use of pivot-tables allowed the systematic processing
however, in some cases, Angolan colleagues translated of the large and detailed data set (nearly 40,000 data
intoKikongo.Genderandageofeveryinformantwasdoc- fields) to correlate different features with each other.
umented wherever possible. In those cases where the in- Tableau Software was used to create selected diagrams.
formant did not know his exact age, it was estimated The basic structure of use-reports to list the information
whetherthepersonwasyoungerorolderthan40.Thefol- follows the principle “informant i mentions the use of
lowing data sets were requested: local plant name, its species s in the use category u” [51, 52]. Out of the col-
usage,usedplantpartandpreparationtechniques.Incase lected data, 10 use categories were defined: “medicinal
of medicinal plants administration techniques were also use(M)”;“nutrition,spicesandherbalteas(N)”;“domes-
documented. Local market surveys and field trips for col- tic and charcoal (D)”; “Hunting, fishing and animal feed
lectingherbariumspecimenscompletedtheinvestigations. (F)”; “dental care and cosmetics (T)”; “drugs and ciga-
All processes of the surveys were permitted and accom- rettes (C)”; “handicrafts (H)”; “ludic, childrens’ toys (L)”;
paniedbythelocalauthorities.Followingtheadvicemade and “rituals (R)”. Uses mentioned less than eight times
by Ramirez [14] to allow a better contribution and ex- were summarized in “Others (O)”, including soaps, toilet
changeofknowledge,weinvitedseveralinformantstoour paper, glue or agricultural purpose like soil improvement
presentationsanddiscussionsattheUniversityKimpaVita inter alia. Since the majority of data refers to medicinal
inUígecity.ThecodeofethicsoftheInternationalSociety plants, this category was differentiated into 41 secondary
of Ethnobiology was followed. The study was carried out categories according to the treated illnesses (Table 5).
in compliance with the agreement of Access and Benefit We used this detailed classification to enable later
Sharing. For identification, plants were photographed and pharmaceutical studies because in this field the local
plant voucher specimens were collected, dried and stored people who provide information are not capable of clas-
at the Dresden herbarium (Herbarium Dresdense),Tech- sifying different subcategories according to modern
nische Universität Dresden, Germany. In a Memorandum medicine since ethnobotanical indigenous knowledge in
ofUnderstandingbetweentheInstitutoNacionaldaBiodi- severalcasesdoes notclearly distinguish.
versidade e Áreas de Conservação (INBAC), Angola and Statistical methods were performed to figure out the
the Technische Universität Dresden, Germany, signed in influence of age, gender, plant habitat, and distance to
2014, it was agreed upon that duplicates will be returned Uíge city, use categories and application forms to each
to Angola as soon as appropriate conditions to store the other. Chi-square test of independence was used to de-
herbarium vouchers are established. The Ministry of En- termine whether a significant relation between two vari-
vironment Angola and the Province Government of Uíge ables exists [53]. Using the Checklist of Plants in Angola
issuedtherequiredcollectionandexportpermits.Identifi- [1],theproportionofneophytes wasdetermined.
cation of collected plant specimens and data analysis was In order to allow comparing recorded data to other
completed in Dresden, Germany. For identification, sev- studies, the following quantitative ethnobotanical indices
eral floristic works were used: Conspectus Florae Ango- were calculated: Relative Frequency of Citations (RFC),
lensis [40], Plantas de Angola [1], Flore Analytique du Cultural Importance Index (CI) as well as the Informant
Bénin [41], Flora of Tropical West Africa [42–46], and Consensus Factor (F ) regarding the secondary categor-
IC
Flora Zambesiaca [47]. Additional information was re- ies of illnesses. The Relative Frequency of Citations
trievedfromKewHerbariumCatalogue[48]andNaturalis presents the local significance of each plant species and
BiodiversityCenter[49].Furthermore,forsomeplantfam- is calculated for each species as the quotient of the fre-
ilies, specialists were consulted. The Herbario LISC and quency of citations (FC) and the total number of
HerbarioCOIwerevisitedinJuly2016and2017forcom- informants (N) [54] (Formula 1). Tardío and
paring plant samples [50]. Use-reports of identified plants Pardo-de-Santayana [51] introduced the CI to ensure
were only included in the results if the specimen was at data of different studies being compared due to versatil-
least determined to genus level. The nomenclature used ity of species use. If the species use would be mentioned
refers to Plantlist.org. Voucher specimen numbers of in every use category, ten in our study, the CI would be
Herbarium Dresdense as well as photo voucher numbers this total number of use categories, i.e. also 10 [51]. In
aregiveninTable1.Duetothepooravailabilityofdatare- case the species is used in just one use category the CI
gardingtheinformationofendangeredspecies,Table1in- would be equal to the RFC (Formula 2). Since interviews
cludes only additional details on endemism and states of often were conducted in groups of informants, the num-
neophytes. ber of groups (62) instead of the number of informants
(162)wasusedtocalculatetheindices.
Dataanalysisandethnobotanicalindices F indicates the homogeneity of the knowledge of the
IC
All collected data sets were put into a database using informants[55](Formula3).Valuesdifferfrom0(nocon-
Microsoft Excel. Corresponding to the research issue, cordance) to 1 (full accordance). High values therefore
Lautenschlägeretal.JournalofEthnobiologyandEthnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page5of73
antpart(PP),sted;(-)=notlisted;dingtoHerbariumd,SS=stemsap,STdic,M=medicine,N CCitationsInformants 12 1 1 1 22 1 1 12 1 13 1 1 1 1 22 17 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 11 1 11 15
sedpl+=liaccor=seeL=lu nU M M M N M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M N M M N M M M
Table1OverviewofallcollectedandidentifiedusefulplantsfromtheProvinceUíge:Specieslistedalphabetically;additionalinformationonusage,upreparationandadministration,usecategory(UC),numberofcitationsandnumberofinformants.Speciesinformationprovided:Origin:E=endemic;*=naturalisedaccordingtoPlantsofAngola(FigueiredoandSmith,2008);vernacularnamesinPortugues(Port.)andKikongo(Kik.);VouchernumberDresdenseorFotovoucher(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bulb,F=fruit,FL=flower,L=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R=root,RE=resin,RH=RH,S=stem,W=wholeplant,WO=wood;UseCategory:C=drugsandcigarettes,D=domesticandcharcoal,F=huntingandfishing,H=handicrafts,=nutrition,O=other,R=ritual,T=dentalcareandcosmetics SpeciesUsagePPPreparationAdministratio Abelmoschusesculentus(L.)Moench,Kiabo(Port.),Kingombo(Kik.),Kiabua,F_01DiabetesLDecoctionOral DiarrheaLDecoctionOral IntestinalinflammationLDecoctionOral NutritionF AbrusprecatoriusL.,Dinzenze,Dienguele(Kik.),44228ActivateslactationLCruditéOral CoughLCruditéOral ErectiledysfunctionLCruditéOral AbutilonfruticosumGuill.&Perr.,Lunzunzuluampembe(Kik.)Ndondondo,43828CostalpainLBalmDermal Supportbirth(faster)LDecoctionOral -Acanthospermumglabratum(DC.)Wild,Matata,Madiata(Kik.),43361InfectionlegsLBalmDermal MigraineWRoast,PulverizeDermal Openfontanelle(baby,oldpeople)LBalmDermal SkindiseaseLBalmDermal YellowfeverLBalmDermal AcanthospermumhispidumDC.,Madiatadiata(Kik.),42727SkindiseaseLDermal Acanthusmontanus(Nees)T.Anderson,Kekasanga,Nkekangô(Kik.),Indulumba,AnginapectorisLDecoctionOralsosongui,43375EpilepsyRDecoction HepatitisL HighbloodpressureLDecoctionOral InfertilityLRoast,PulverizeOral LegpainLCruditéDermal NutritionL ScoliosisLDecoctionBath,Dermal StomachpainsLEnema AdansoniadigitataL.,Imbondeiro(Port.),Nkondo(Kik.),Mucua,F_02LemonadeF SkindiseaseLBalmDermal Adeniacissampeloides(Planch.exHook.)Harms,Nkawu(Kik.),45030InfertilitywomenR Adenialobata(Jacq.)Engl.,Mukekete,Nkenkete(Kik.),Muloa,43834EpilepsySSCruditéEyesDrops
Lautenschlägeretal.JournalofEthnobiologyandEthnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page6of73
antpart(PP),sted;(-)=notlisted;dingtoHerbariumd,SS=stemsap,STdic,M=medicine,N CCitationsInformants 4 116 1 1 1 1 4 2 1 2 1 6 1 8 1 1 1 1 22 1 13 2 12 1 11 1 12
sedpl+=liaccor=seeL=lu nU N M M M M M M M M M M N M M M M M M N M M N F H M M M
Table1OverviewofallcollectedandidentifiedusefulplantsfromtheProvinceUíge:Specieslistedalphabetically;additionalinformationonusage,upreparationandadministration,usecategory(UC),numberofcitationsandnumberofinformants.Speciesinformationprovided:Origin:E=endemic;*=naturalisedaccordingtoPlantsofAngola(FigueiredoandSmith,2008);vernacularnamesinPortugues(Port.)andKikongo(Kik.);VouchernumberDresdenseorFotovoucher(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bulb,F=fruit,FL=flower,L=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R=root,RE=resin,RH=RH,S=stem,W=wholeplant,WO=wood;UseCategory:C=drugsandcigarettes,D=domesticandcharcoal,F=huntingandfishing,H=handicrafts,=nutrition,O=other,R=ritual,T=dentalcareandcosmetics(Continued) SpeciesUsagePPPreparationAdministratio NutritionLOral Aframomumalboviolaceum(Ridl.)K.Schum.,Gingengue(Port.),AntibioticRMacerationOralMansasa,Mansansamalonde,Manzunja,Ntundulu(Kik.),Linguenga,BloodyurinRMacerationdizazaXinguenga,Mazasadaqueimada,mazazagingenga,nzaza,Ntundabala,Kizaza,44161ConstipationRDecoctionEnema ConvulsionL,SSCruditéNoseDrops DiabetesRDecoctionHipBath EpilepsyR,STDecoction,Maceration,Enema,BathCrudité EpilepsyLPercolationEyeDrop HerniaREnema InflammationlegsRCruditéBath LowbloodpressureRMacerationOral NutritionF ParsiticwormsRMacerationOral ScoliosisLDecoctionEnema,Bath,Dermal,Oral Sterility(menandwomen)RDecoctionOral StomachpainsRMacerationOral VertizSTDecoctionFaceWash YellowfeverR Aframomumangustifolium(Sonn.)K.Schum.,Gingengadamata(Port.),NutritionFMansasamamfinda(Kik.),F_04YellowfeverR AframomummeleguetaK.Schum.,Ndunguzakongo(Kik.),44226MixturecomponentS SpiceS *AgavesisalanaPerrine,Fibradesisal(Port.),Barabate(Kik.),F_05FiberplantL RopeL Agelaeapentagyna(Lam.)Baill.,Kamatatu(Kik.),42832R L Agelanthusbrunneus(Engl.)Tiegh.,Nkundankunda(Kik.),43338EyeinfectionLPercolationEyedrops
Lautenschlägeretal.JournalofEthnobiologyandEthnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page7of73
antpart(PP),sted;(-)=notlisted;dingtoHerbariumd,SS=stemsap,STdic,M=medicine,N CCitationsInformants 1 11 111 1 1 1 2 5 1 1 1 1 1 2 12 1 112 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 3
sedpl+=liaccor=seeL=lu nU M M M M D M M M F M M R M M M F M M M R M M D M F M M M M
Table1OverviewofallcollectedandidentifiedusefulplantsfromtheProvinceUíge:Specieslistedalphabetically;additionalinformationonusage,upreparationandadministration,usecategory(UC),numberofcitationsandnumberofinformants.Speciesinformationprovided:Origin:E=endemic;*=naturalisedaccordingtoPlantsofAngola(FigueiredoandSmith,2008);vernacularnamesinPortugues(Port.)andKikongo(Kik.);VouchernumberDresdenseorFotovoucher(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bulb,F=fruit,FL=flower,L=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R=root,RE=resin,RH=RH,S=stem,W=wholeplant,WO=wood;UseCategory:C=drugsandcigarettes,D=domesticandcharcoal,F=huntingandfishing,H=handicrafts,=nutrition,O=other,R=ritual,T=dentalcareandcosmetics(Continued) SpeciesUsagePPPreparationAdministratio StomachpainsLDecoctionEnema Ageratumconyzoides(L.)L.,Fuatakala,Imbuakatela(Kik.),43160Vertigo Albiziaadianthifolia(Schum.)W.Wight,Mulu(Kik.),mulukai,44243BleedingRDecoctionEnema ColdLPercolationNoseDrops ConstructionWO CoughLCruditéOral EpilepsyRDecoction,MacerationEnema EyeparasitesRPercolationEyeDrops FodderplantL HeadacheRPercolationNoseDrops HemorrhoidsLDecoctionEnema InfidelityoffatherLRoast,PulverizeOral MalariaLPercolationNoseDrops NosebleedRPercolationNoseDrops Albiziaferruginea(Guill.&Perr.)Benth.,Makaba,Nsuemba(Kik.),44220EpilepsyBDecoctionNoseDrops FodderplantL Alchorneacordifolia(Schumach.&Thonn.)Müll.Arg.,Bunza,Gunze,AnaemiaLDecoctionOralWunze(Kik.),kibunge,mbunzi,Kimbunza,Guunze,Muunze,AnaemiaBDecoctionOrallumbunze,Kiunzia,42586BloodydiarrheaR,LDecoctionOral DecorationgraveyardF DiarrheaL,BDecoctionOral EyepainRPercolationEyeDrops FirewoodWO HemorrhoidsLSuppositoryRectal HuntingbirdsF OpencervixLBalmAnal,Vaginal OtitisLPercolationEarDrops ParasitesineyesRPercolationEyeDrops SkindiseaseL,BBalm,DecoctionDermal,oral
Lautenschlägeretal.JournalofEthnobiologyandEthnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page8of73
antpart(PP),sted;(-)=notlisted;dingtoHerbariumd,SS=stemsap,STdic,M=medicine,N CCitationsInformants 1 4 2 22 1 22 16 1 1 1 1 1 2 12 2 2 22 43 1 11 12 1 11 17 1 1
Table1OverviewofallcollectedandidentifiedusefulplantsfromtheProvinceUíge:Specieslistedalphabetically;additionalinformationonusage,usedplpreparationandadministration,usecategory(UC),numberofcitationsandnumberofinformants.Speciesinformationprovided:Origin:E=endemic;+=li*=naturalisedaccordingtoPlantsofAngola(FigueiredoandSmith,2008);vernacularnamesinPortugues(Port.)andKikongo(Kik.);VouchernumberaccorDresdenseorFotovoucher(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bulb,F=fruit,FL=flower,L=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R=root,RE=resin,RH=RH,S=see=stem,W=wholeplant,WO=wood;UseCategory:C=drugsandcigarettes,D=domesticandcharcoal,F=huntingandfishing,H=handicrafts,L=lu=nutrition,O=other,R=ritual,T=dentalcareandcosmetics(Continued) SpeciesUsagePPPreparationAdministrationU SurgerywoundsLInfusionOralM ToothacheL,BDecoctionOralM WeaknessL,BDecoctionOralM -AlliumsativumL.,Alho(Port.),F_06InfertilityBUDecoctionOralM StomachpainsBUDecoctionOralM AllophylusafricanusP.Beauv.,Mbanzumbanzu(Kik.),41878FodderplantLF AloebuettneriA.Berger,BadiaNseke(Kik.),kikalango,ndende,43280CoughLCruditéOralM ErectiledysfunctionSTDecoctionOralM GonorrheaL,SSCruditéVaginalM HeadacheLBalmDermalM HerniaRDecoctionEnemaM MixturecomponentLM SplenomegalyLDecoctionEnemaM AlvesiarosmarinifoliaWelw.,Mazima-zima,Mfinguila(Kik.),43910Openfontanelle(baby,oldpeople)LBalmDermalM PainL,STInfusionDermalM VertigoLBalmDermal,NoseMDrops *AmaranthuscaudatusL.,Bitekuteku,Bowa(Kik.),Gimboa,43908NutritionLN *AnacardiumoccidentaleL.,Cajú,Cajueiro(Port.),Nkazuwa(Kik.),F_06NutritionF,SN VertizBDecoctionBathM *Ananascomosus(L.)Merr.,Abacaxi(Port.),Nanazi(Kik.),F_07BackacheFFermentationOralM Anchomanesdifformis(Blume)Engl.,Nsadiakiula(Kik),44160EaracheSTPutintoFireEmittedSpumeMintoEar SplenomegalyBUDecoctionInhalationM Aneilemabeninense,Mpimpita(Kik.),42713NutritionLN AnisophylleaquangensisEngl.exHenriq.,Mfungua(Kik.),mfuongo,CoughLDecoctionOralMIfungu,xifungu,43266EyeparasitesRPercolationEyeDropsM LungproblemsLDecoctionOralM
Lautenschlägeretal.JournalofEthnobiologyandEthnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page9of73
antpart(PP),sted;(-)=notlisted;dingtoHerbariumd,SS=stemsap,STdic,M=medicine,N CCitationsInformants 6 1 2 11 11 13 1 4 123 5 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 13 1 1 2 4 2
sedpl+=liaccor=seeL=lu nU N N M N N M N M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M N M M M M N
Table1OverviewofallcollectedandidentifiedusefulplantsfromtheProvinceUíge:Specieslistedalphabetically;additionalinformationonusage,upreparationandadministration,usecategory(UC),numberofcitationsandnumberofinformants.Speciesinformationprovided:Origin:E=endemic;*=naturalisedaccordingtoPlantsofAngola(FigueiredoandSmith,2008);vernacularnamesinPortugues(Port.)andKikongo(Kik.);VouchernumberDresdenseorFotovoucher(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bulb,F=fruit,FL=flower,L=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R=root,RE=resin,RH=RH,S=stem,W=wholeplant,WO=wood;UseCategory:C=drugsandcigarettes,D=domesticandcharcoal,F=huntingandfishing,H=handicrafts,=nutrition,O=other,R=ritual,T=dentalcareandcosmetics(Continued) SpeciesUsagePPPreparationAdministratio NutritionF NutritionL ScoliosisRDecoctionDermal -AnisophylleasororiaPierre,lufuongo,F_09NutritionF -AnnonamuricataL.,SSiSSi(Port.),Mbunduangombe(Kik.),44055NutritionF AnnonasenegalensisPers.,LolokIambulu,Lolo(Kik.),F_10BloodydiarrheaRDecoctionEnema NutritionF StomachpainsL,RDecoction,InfusionOral Annonastenophyllasubsp.cuneata(Oliv.)N.Robson,Lolo,AfterlossofpregnancyRMacerationEnemaLolokiandamba,Nloloampolo,Nzelenge(Kik.),nolopolo,AnaemiaLDecoction,InfusionOral,Bathmuloloa,Loloalolo,mulolo,molo,Nlolokafioti,lolonbulu,malolo,dilolo,43204AnaemiaRDecoctionOral AppendixRMacerationEnema BackacheL,RDecoctionOral CleaningstomachL,RDecoctionOral ConstipationRDecoction,MacerationEnema CryptorchidismRMacerationOral,Enema DiarrheaRDecoctionEnema EpilepsyRDecoction,MacerationEnema HemorrhoidsRDecoctionOral HerniaRMacerationOral,Enema InfertilitywomenRDecoction InfluenzaRMacerationBath MalariaRMacerationBath NutritionF OpencervixL ParasiticwormsRMacerationOral ScoliosisR,LDecoctionDermal StomachpainsRDecoction,MacerationOral TeaLInfusion
Lautenschlägeretal.JournalofEthnobiologyandEthnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page10of73
antpart(PP),sted;(-)=notlisted;dingtoHerbariumd,SS=stemsap,STdic,M=medicine,N CCitationsInformants 2 11 11 11 12 1 14 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 23 3 11 19 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
sedpl+=liaccor=seeL=lu nU M M M N M M M M alM M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M alM
Table1OverviewofallcollectedandidentifiedusefulplantsfromtheProvinceUíge:Specieslistedalphabetically;additionalinformationonusage,upreparationandadministration,usecategory(UC),numberofcitationsandnumberofinformants.Speciesinformationprovided:Origin:E=endemic;*=naturalisedaccordingtoPlantsofAngola(FigueiredoandSmith,2008);vernacularnamesinPortugues(Port.)andKikongo(Kik.);VouchernumberDresdenseorFotovoucher(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bulb,F=fruit,FL=flower,L=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R=root,RE=resin,RH=RH,S=stem,W=wholeplant,WO=wood;UseCategory:C=drugsandcigarettes,D=domesticandcharcoal,F=huntingandfishing,H=handicrafts,=nutrition,O=other,R=ritual,T=dentalcareandcosmetics(Continued) SpeciesUsagePPPreparationAdministratio TyphusLDecoction,InfusionOral -Antidesmalaciniatumvar.MembranaceumMüll.Arg.,BleedingsFDecoctionOralMunzevonzevo(Kik.)43259 AntidesmavenosumE.Mey.exTul.,Mfutila(Kik.),43868SkindiseaseFSwallowing -Artocarpusaltilis(ParkinsonexF.A.Zorn)Fosberg,Frutapão(Port.),NutritionFSantuPetelo(Kik.),42674 AsparagusdrepanophyllusWelw.exBaker,Nlandu,Timbatimba(Kik.),CryptorchidismBUChewingmalekatanga,F_11StrongmenstruationBU AsparaguslaricinusBurch.,Mandioca(Port.),Diokodiankama,BackacheRNsensampakasa,Nzezangoma(Kik.),44003CoughBUCruditéOral ErectiledysfunctionBUDecoctionEnema,Derm HeadacheBUBalmDermal Infertility(male)BUEatOral Menstruation(severe)RHDecoctionEnema Nosebleed StomachpainsBUDecoctionEnema Asparagusspec.,Nsesampakasa(Kik.),44737CoughBUChewing,CookOral ErectiledysfunctionBUCrudité,MacerationInOralPalmWine -AzadirachtaindicaA.Juss.,Neem,44233StomachpainsL Baccharoidesguineensis(Benth.)H.Rob.,Matita,Nkokomakioko,BasoBUCruditéEnemaNsakaba(Kik.),43279BodypainBUBalmDermal BurnsLBalmDermal ConstipationBUPulverizeEnema CoughBUCruditéOral DiarrheaBUMacerationOral HeadacheBUBalmDermal InflammationtesticlesBUDecoctionEnema,Derm