First Aid Manual, 10th Edition

290 Pages·2016·40.08 MB·English

by  Dorling Kindersley

REVISED
10TH EDITION
FIRST AID
M ANUAL
WRITTEN AND AUTHORISED BY THE
UK’S LEADING FIRST AID PROVIDERS

REVISED
10TH EDITION
FIRST AID
MANUAL
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REVISED
10TH EDITION
The Authorised Manual of St John Ambulance,
St Andrew’s First Aid and the British Red Cross
St John Ambulance
Dr Margaret Austin DStJ LRCPI LRCSI LM
Chief Medical Adviser
St Andrew’s First Aid
Mr Rudy Crawford MBE BSc (Hons) MB ChB FRCS (Glasg) FRCEM
Chairman of the Board
British Red Cross
Dr Barry Klaassen BSc (Hons) MB ChB FRCS (Edin) FRCEM
Chief Medical Adviser
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LONDON, NEW YORK, MUNICH, MELBOURNE, DELHI
St John Ambulance is a registered charity (No. 1077265/1); St Andrew’s First Aid is the trading name of St Andrew’s Ambulance
Association, incorporated by Royal Charter 1899, is a charity registered in Scotland (No. SC006750); The British Red Cross Society,
incorporated by Royal Charter 1908, is a charity registered in England and Wales (220949), Scotland (SC037738), and the Isle of Man
(0752). Each charity receives a royalty for every copy of the book sold by Dorling Kindersley. Details of the royalties payable can be
obtained by writing to the publishers, Dorling Kindersley Limited, at 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL. For the purposes of the Charities
Acts no further seller of this book shall be deemed to be a commercial participator with these three Societies.
DORLING KINDERSLEY
Consultant editor Project art editor
Jemima Dunne Duncan Turner
Senior editor Jacket designer
Janet Mohun Duncan Turner
Jacket editor Producer
Claire Gell Rita Sinha
Producer, pre-production Photography
Jacqueline Street Gerard Brown,
Managing editor Vanessa Davies,
Angeles Gavira Guerrero Ruth Jenkinson
Publisher Jacket design development manager
Liz Wheeler Sophia MTT
Publishing director Managing art editor
Jonathan Metcalf Michael Duffy
Art director
Karen Self
Text revised in line with the latest guidelines from the Resuscitation Council (UK).
Note: The masculine pronoun “he” is used when referring to the first aider or casualty, unless the individual shown
in the photograph is female. This is for convenience and clarity and does not reflect a preference for either sex.
Revised 10th edition first published in Great Britain in 2016 by
Dorling Kindersley Limited, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL
A Penguin Random House Company
2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1
001 –289239–July/2016
Text copyright © 2016 St John Ambulance;
St Andrew’s First Aid; The British Red Cross Society
Illustration copyright © 2016 Dorling Kindersley Limited, except as listed in acknowledgments on p.288
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the copyright owners.
All enquiries regarding any extracts or re-use of any material in this book should be addressed
to the publishers, Dorling Kindersley Limited. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-0-2412-4123-3
Printed and bound in Slovakia
Discover more at
www.dk.com
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THE FIRST AID SOCIETIES
Drawing on hundreds of years of combined experience, the First Aid Societies are the
acknowledged experts in training and practising first aid. Each society offers distinct charitable,
voluntary and training services, but all work together to raise standards in first aid. Our medical
advisers have based the advice in this book on the most up-to-date research, and our training
experts have presented it in a way that is both easy to learn and easy to recall.
ST JOHN AMBULANCE
As the nation’s leading first aid charity, St John volunteers, providing first aid at events, acting
Ambulance believes that no one should die as first responders to NHS emergency calls in
because they needed first aid and did not get it. the community, or supporting their local
This is why we teach people first aid (in schools, ambulance service.
workplaces and the community), equipping You too can be the difference between a life
them with the skills to be the difference lost and a life saved. To find out how, visit
between life and death. Some of the people we sja.org.uk, or call 08700 10 49 50
teach go on to become one of our 40,000
ST ANDREW’S FIRST AID
St Andrew’s First Aid is Scotland’s dedicated We also supply a full range of first aid products
first aid charity and provider of first aid training, and training materials to first aid professionals,
services and supplies. Our volunteers provide industry and the general public.
essential first aid services in communities ■■ Visit www.firstaid.org.uk
across Scotland, including cover for events large ■■Email [email protected]
and small, and teach life-saving skills to others. ■■Call 0141 332 4031
BRITISH RED CROSS
As part of the world’s largest provider of first first aid cover at public events, respond to
aid, the British Red Cross trains tens of natural disasters conflicts and individual
thousands of people in the UK every year, emergencies.
building resilience within communities and ■■The British Red Cross – refusing to ignore
preparing them to cope with all types of people in crisis
emergencies. Our courses provide training for ■■For more information and to learn about first
every need, including treatment for adult, child aid, visit:
and baby and first aid at work. Through our redcross.co.uk/firstaid
global network of volunteers we also provide or call us to book a course on 0344 412 2808
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CONTENTS
ASSESSING
A CASUALTY 38
INTRODUCTION 10
Assessing the sick or injured __________________________ 40
BECOMING A Mechanisms of injury _____________________________________ 42
FIRST AIDER 12
Primary survey ________________________________________________ 44
What is a first aider? ________________________________________ 14 Secondary survey ____________________________________________ 46
How to prepare yourself ___________________________________ 15 Head-to-toe examination _______________________________ 49
Protection from infection ________________________________ 16 Monitoring vital signs ______________________________________ 52
Dealing with a casualty ____________________________________ 19
Requesting help ________________________________________________ 22
THE UNRESPONSIVE
The use of medication ______________________________________ 24 CASUALTY 54
Remember your own needs _____________________________ 24
Breathing and circulation ________________________________ 56
Life-saving priorities ________________________________________ 57
Unresponsive adult __________________________________________ 62
Unresponsive child __________________________________________ 72
Unresponsive infant _______________________________________ 80
How to use an AED __________________________________________84
MANAGING AN
INCIDENT 26
Action at an emergency ___________________________________28
Traffic incidents ________________________________________________30
Fires __________________________________________________________________32
Electrical incidents ___________________________________________34
Water incidents ________________________________________________36
RESPIRATORY
Major incidents ________________________________________________ 37
PROBLEMS 88
The respiratory system ___________________________________ 90
Hypoxia ____________________________________________________________ 92
Airway obstruction __________________________________________ 93
Choking adult __________________________________________________ 94
Choking child ___________________________________________________ 95
Choking infant ________________________________________________ 96
Hanging and strangulation ______________________________ 97
Inhalation of fumes __________________________________________ 98
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Foreign object in a wound ______________________________121
Scalp and head wounds __________________________________122
Eye wound _______________________________________________________123
Bleeding from the ear _____________________________________123
Nosebleed _______________________________________________________124
Knocked-out adult tooth _______________________________ 125
Bleeding from the mouth _______________________________125
Finger wound __________________________________________________126
Wound to the palm ________________________________________ 127
Drowning _______________________________________________________100 Wound at a joint crease _________________________________ 127
Hyperventilation ____________________________________________ 101 Abdominal wound ___________________________________________128
Asthma ___________________________________________________________ 102 Vaginal bleeding ______________________________________________128
Croup ______________________________________________________________ 103 Bleeding varicose vein ____________________________________129
Penetrating chest wound ______________________________ 104
BONE, JOINT
WOUNDS AND MUSCLE INJURIES 130
AND BLEEDING 106
The skeleton ___________________________________________________ 132
The heart and blood vessels __________________________ 108 Bones, muscles and joints _______________________________134
Bleeding and types of wound ________________________ 110 Fractures ________________________________________________________ 136
Shock _______________________________________________________________112 Dislocated joint ______________________________________________ 139
Severe external bleeding ________________________________114 Strains and Sprains ________________________________________140
Internal bleeding _____________________________________________ 116 The brain and nerves ______________________________________142
Impalement _____________________________________________________ 117 Head injury ______________________________________________________144
Amputation _____________________________________________________ 117 Facial injury _____________________________________________________146
Crush injury _____________________________________________________ 118 Lower jaw injury ______________________________________________147
Cuts and grazes _______________________________________________ 119 Cheekbone and nose injury ____________________________147
Bruising ___________________________________________________________ 119 Collar bone injury ____________________________________________148
Blisters ___________________________________________________________ 120 Shoulder injury ________________________________________________149
Infected wound ______________________________________________ 120 Upper arm injury _____________________________________________150
Elbow injury ______________________________________________________151
Forearm and wrist injuries ______________________________152
Hand and finger injuries _________________________________153
Rib injury __________________________________________________________154
Pelvic injury______________________________________________________ 155
Back pain ________________________________________________________ 156
Spinal injury ____________________________________________________157
Hip and thigh injuries ____________________________________ 160
Lower leg injuries ___________________________________________ 162
Knee injury ______________________________________________________ 164
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Ankle injury ____________________________________________________ 165 Foreign object in the eye ________________________________196
Foot and toe injuries _______________________________________166 Foreign object in the ear _________________________________197
Cramp _____________________________________________________________ 167 Foreign object in the nose ______________________________197
How poisons affect the body __________________________198
Types of poison _______________________________________________199
Swallowed poisons _______________________________________ 200
Drug poisoning ______________________________________________ 201
Alcohol poisoning _________________________________________ 202
Animal and human bites _______________________________ 203
Insect sting ____________________________________________________ 204
Tick bite _________________________________________________________ 205
Other bites and stings __________________________________ 205
Snake bite ______________________________________________________ 206
EFFECTS OF Stings from sea creatures _____________________________ 207
HEAT AND COLD 168 Marine puncture wound _______________________________ 207
The skin __________________________________________________________ 170
Assessing a burn ____________________________________________ 172
Severe burns and scalds ________________________________ 174
Minor burns and scalds _________________________________ 176
Burns to the airway _________________________________________ 177
Electrical burn _________________________________________________ 178
Chemical burn ________________________________________________ 179
Chemical burn to the eye ______________________________ 180
Flash burn to the eye ______________________________________ 181
Incapacitant spray exposure __________________________ 181
Dehydration ___________________________________________________ 182
Sunburn __________________________________________________________ 183
MEDICAL
Heat exhaustion _____________________________________________ 184 CONDITIONS 208
Heatstroke ______________________________________________________ 185
Hypothermia __________________________________________________ 186 Angina ____________________________________________________________ 210
Frostbite _________________________________________________________ 189 Heart attack ____________________________________________________ 211
Stroke _____________________________________________________________ 212
Diabetes mellitus ___________________________________________ 214
FOREIGN OBJECTS,
Hyperglycaemia _____________________________________________ 214
POISONING, BITES & STINGS 190
Hypoglycaemia ______________________________________________ 215
The sensory organs _________________________________________192 Seizures in adults ___________________________________________ 216
Splinter ____________________________________________________________194 Seizures in children ________________________________________ 218
Embedded fish-hook ______________________________________ 195 Fever _______________________________________________________________ 219
Swallowed foreign object ______________________________ 195 Meningitis _____________________________________________________ 220
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