Fire Safety Design for Tall Buildings

251 Pages·2021·9.993 MB·English

by  Feng Fu

Fire Safety Design
for Tall Buildings

Fire Safety Design
for Tall Buildings
Feng Fu
First edition published 2021
by CRC Press
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ISBN: 978-0-367-44452-5 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-00981-8 (ebk)
Typeset in Sabon
by codeMantra
To my Daughter Quan

Contents
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi
Author xxiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Aims and scope 1
1.2 Main fire safety design issues for tall buildings 3
1.3 Structure of the book 3
Notes 5
References 5
2 Regulatory requirements and basic fire safety
design principles 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Fire incidents and fire tests of tall buildings worldwide 7
2.2.1 Grenfell Tower 8
2.2.1.1 The new cladding system 9
2.2.1.2 Compartment and evacuation
route for Grenfell Tower 9
2.2.1.3 Collapse potential for Grenfell Tower 14
2.2.1.4 Major findings from Interim Report
of British Research Establishment (2017) 14
2.2.2 Twin Tower 15
2.2.3 World Trade Center 7 18
2.2.4 Other fire incidents of tall buildings 18
2.2.4.1 First Interstate Bank
building in Los Angles 18
2.2.4.2 Plasco shopping center, Iran 19
vii
viii Contents
2.2.4.3 Faculty of Architecture
Building, Delft University 19
2.2.4.4 Windsor Tower, Spain 20
2.2.5 Cardington fire test 20
2.2.5.1 Introduction of the test 20
2.2.5.2 Failure modes for buildings in fire 23
2.2.6 Discussion 25
2.3 Current design guidance and regulations
to fire safety in high-rise buildings 26
2.3.1 British design guidance and regulations 26
2.3.1.1 Building Regulations
2010—Approved Document B 26
2.3.1.2 The FSO and Housing Act 2004 28
2.3.1.3 BS 7974:2019 30
2.3.1.4 BS 9999:2017 31
2.3.1.5 BS 5950-8:2003 31
2.3.1.6 BS 476-20:1987 31
2.3.1.7 Design guidelines from IStructE
and Steel Construction Institute 31
2.3.2 Eurocode 32
2.3.3 Guidelines from International
Organization for Standardization 32
2.3.3.1 ISO 24679-1:2019(en) 32
2.3.3.2 ISO 16730-1 and ISO 16733-1 32
2.3.3.3 ISO 834-1:1999 33
2.3.4 US design guidance 33
2.3.4.1 National Fire Protection Association 33
2.3.4.2 International Code Council—
International Fire Code® (IFC®) 33
2.3.4.3 American Society for Testing
and Materials (ASTM) 34
2.3.4.4 American Society of Civil Engineers 34
2.3.4.5 Federal Standards and Guidelines 35
2.3.5 Chinese design guidance 35
2.3.6 New Zealand code NZS 3404 Part 1:1997 35
2.3.7 Australian code AS 4100:1998 36
2.4 Basic principles for fire safety of tall buildings 36
2.4.1 Main design objective 36
2.4.2 Main design tasks 37
2.4.3 Structural fire design 37
Contents ix
2.4.3.1 Key design tasks in
structural fire design 38
2.4.3.2 Design approach 38
2.4.3.3 Pros and cons of the two design methods 39
2.4.4 Robustness of the structure in fire 39
2.4.5 Fire modeling 39
2.4.5.1 Modeling the atmosphere
temperature induced by fire 39
2.4.5.2 Modeling the thermal response of
load-bearing building elements 40
2.4.5.3 Summary 40
References 40
3 Fundamentals of fire and fire safety design 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Fire development process 43
3.3 Design fire temperature 44
3.1.1 Standard fire temperature–time curve 45
3.1.2 The parametric temperature–time curves 45
3.1.3 Summary 46
3.4 Design fire in a compartment 46
3.4.1 Characterization of compartment 47
3.4.1.1 Characterization of fire enclosure 47
3.4.1.2 Characterization of openings 48
3.4.1.3 Duration of fire to be adopted in design 48
3.4.2 Fuel-controlled and ventilation-controlled fire 49
3.4.3 Long-cool and short-hot fire 49
3.4.4 Fully developed fire 50
3.4.5 Localized fire 50
3.4.5.1 Calculation of thermal action of
a localized fire from Eurocode 51
3.4.6 Traveling fire 53
3.4.7 Fire scenarios for tall buildings 53
3.5 Fire severity 53
3.6 Fire load 55
3.6.1 Fire load calculation from Eurocode 1 55
3.6.2 Fire load density from Eurocode 1 55
3.7 Fire spread 56
3.8 Routes of fire spread 56