Finite Element Analysis of Antennas and Arrays

467 Pages·2009·11.15 MB·English

by  Jian-Ming Jin

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FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
OF ANTENNAS AND ARRAYS
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FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
OF ANTENNAS AND ARRAYS
Jian-Ming Jin
UniversityofIllinois
Douglas J. Riley
NorthropGrummanCorporation
AJOHNWILEY&SONS,INC.,PUBLICATION
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Jin,Jian-Ming,1962–
Finiteelementanalysisofantennasandarrays/Jian-MingJin,DouglasJ.Riley.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-40128-6(cloth)
1.Antennaarrays. 2.Finiteelementmethod. I.Riley,DouglasJ.,1958– II.Title.
TK7871.6.J56 2008
621.382(cid:3)4–dc22
2008026770
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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CONTENTS
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 NumericalSimulationofAntennas 1
1.2 FiniteElementAnalysisVersusOtherNumericalMethods 2
1.3 Frequency-VersusTime-DomainSimulations 5
1.4 BriefReviewofPastWork 7
1.5 OverviewoftheBook 9
References 11
2 FiniteElementFormulation 17
2.1 FiniteElementFormulationintheFrequencyDomain 17
2.2 FiniteElementFormulationintheTimeDomain 24
2.3 ModelingofComplexMaterials 27
2.3.1 ModelingofElectricallyandMagneticallyLossyMaterials 28
2.3.2 ModelingofElectricallyDispersiveMaterials 30
2.3.3 ModelingofMagneticallyDispersiveMaterials 36
2.3.4 ModelingofDoublyDispersiveLossyMaterials 40
2.3.5 ValidationExamples 43
2.4 SolutionoftheFiniteElementEquations 49
2.5 Higher-OrderandCurvilinearFiniteElements 50
2.6 Summary 52
References 53
3 FiniteElementMeshTruncation 55
3.1 AbsorbingBoundaryConditions 55
3.1.1 First-OrderAbsorbingBoundaryCondition 55
3.1.2 Second-OrderAbsorbingBoundaryCondition 56
3.2 PerfectlyMatchedLayers 61
3.2.1 PMLinTermsofStretchedCoordinates 62
3.2.2 PMLasanAnisotropicMaterialAbsorber 64
3.2.3 PMLforTruncatingtheComputationalDomain 65
3.2.4 FiniteElementImplementationofPML 67
3.2.5 ABC-Backed,Complementary,CFS,and
Second-OrderPMLs 72
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3.3 BoundaryIntegralEquations 76
3.3.1 Frequency-DomainFormulations 77
3.3.2 Time-DomainFormulations 86
3.3.3 TreatmentoftheInfiniteGroundPlane 93
3.4 Summary 96
References 97
4 HybridFETD–FDTDTechnique 100
4.1 FDTDMethod 101
4.2 PMLImplementationinFDTD 106
4.2.1 FDTDStretched-CoordinatePML 107
4.2.2 FDTDAnisotropic-MediumPML 111
4.3 Near-to-Far-FieldTransformationinFDTD 113
4.4 AlternativeFETDFormulation 117
4.5 EquivalenceBetweenFETDandFDTD 120
4.6 StableFETD–FDTDInterface 124
4.6.1 InitialApproaches 125
4.6.2 StableFormulation 128
4.7 BuildingHybridMeshes 131
4.8 Wave-EquationStabilization 134
4.9 ValidationExamples 137
4.10 Summary 140
References 143
5 AntennaSourceModelingandParameterCalculation 147
5.1 AntennaFeedModeling 147
5.1.1 CurrentProbe 148
5.1.2 VoltageGapGenerator 152
5.1.3 WaveguideFeedModel 155
5.2 Plane-WaveExcitation 164
5.2.1 Total-FieldFormulation 167
5.2.2 Scattered-FieldFormulation 170
5.2.3 Total-andScattered-FieldDecompositionApproach 171
5.3 Far-FieldPatternComputation 176
5.4 Near-FieldVisualization 179
5.5 Summary 182
References 184
6 ModelingofComplexStructures 187
6.1 Thin-MaterialLayersandSheets 188
6.1.1 ImpedanceBoundaryConditions 188
6.1.2 ShellElementFormulation 197
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CONTENTS vii
6.2 ThinWiresandSlots 201
6.2.1 ThinWires 201
6.2.2 ThinSlots 208
6.3 Lumped-CircuitElements 217
6.3.1 CoupledFirst-OrderEquations 218
6.3.2 WaveEquation 219
6.3.3 Example 222
6.4 DistributedFeedNetwork 224
6.5 System-LevelCouplingExample 230
6.5.1 InternalDispersiveMaterialCalibration 230
6.5.2 ExternalIlluminationandApertureCoupling 234
6.6 Summary 234
References 236
7 AntennaSimulationExamples 240
7.1 NarrowbandAntennas 240
7.1.1 Coaxial-FedMonopoleAntenna 240
7.1.2 MonopoleAntennasonaPlate 241
7.1.3 PatchAntennasonaPlate 243
7.1.4 ConformalPatchAntennaArray 245
7.2 BroadbandAntennas 247
7.2.1 RidgedHornAntenna 247
7.2.2 SinuousAntenna 249
7.2.3 LogarithmicSpiralAntenna 251
7.2.4 InvertedConicalSpiralAntenna 253
7.2.5 AntipodalVivaldiAntenna 254
7.2.6 VlasovAntenna 255
7.3 AntennaRCSSimulations 257
7.3.1 MicrostripPatchAntenna 258
7.3.2 StandardGainHornAntenna 259
7.4 Summary 262
References 262
8 AxisymmetricAntennaModeling 264
8.1 MethodofAnalysis 264
8.1.1 FiniteElementFormulation 264
8.1.2 MeshTruncationUsingPerfectlyMatchedLayers 267
8.1.3 MeshTruncationUsingBoundaryIntegralEquations 269
8.1.4 Far-FieldComputation 272
8.2 ApplicationExamples 273
8.2.1 LuneburgLens 273
8.2.2 CorrugatedHorn 276
8.2.3 CurrentLoopInsideaRadome 281
8.3 Summary 282
References 282
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9 InfinitePhased-ArrayModeling 284
9.1 Frequency-DomainModeling 285
9.1.1 PeriodicBoundaryConditions 285
9.1.2 MeshTruncationTechniques 294
9.1.3 ExtensiontoSkewArrays 298
9.1.4 ExtensiontoScatteringAnalysis 300
9.1.5 ApplicationExamples 300
9.2 Time-DomainModeling 303
9.2.1 TransformedFieldVariable 304
9.2.2 MeshTruncationTechniques 306
9.2.3 GeneralMaterialModeling 310
9.2.4 ApplicationExamples 316
9.3 ApproximationtoFiniteArrays 325
9.4 Summary 332
References 333
10 FinitePhased-ArrayModeling 336
10.1 Frequency-DomainModeling 337
10.1.1 FETI–DPEM1Formulation 337
10.1.2 FETI–DPEM2Formulation 345
10.1.3 NonconformingDomainDecomposition 350
10.1.4 ApplicationExamples 355
10.2 Time-DomainModeling 363
10.2.1 Dual-FieldDomain-DecompositionMethod 364
10.2.2 DomainDecompositionforIterativeSolutions 371
10.2.3 ApplicationExamples 376
10.3 Summary 382
References 385
11 Antenna–PlatformInteractionModeling 388
11.1 CoupledAnalysis 389
11.1.1 FETI–DPEMwithDomainDecomposition 390
11.1.2 HybridFETD–FDTDwithDomainDecomposition 393
11.1.3 HybridFE–BIMethodwithFMMAcceleration 399
11.2 DecoupledAnalysis 405
11.2.1 Near-FieldCalculation 406
11.2.2 Far-FieldEvaluationbyNumericalMethods 406
11.2.3 Far-FieldEvaluationbyAsymptoticTechniques 409
11.2.4 DirectandIterativeImprovements 416
11.3 Summary 417
References 418
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CONTENTS ix
12 NumericalandPracticalConsiderations 421
12.1 ChoiceofSimulationTechnologies 421
12.2 Frequency-VersusTime-DomainSimulationTools 422
12.3 FastFrequencySweep 424
12.4 NumericalConvergence 425
12.5 DomainDecompositionandParallelComputing 427
12.6 VerificationandValidationofPredictions 428
12.7 Summary 429
References 429
Index 431