final imperial county 2013 state implementation plan for the 2006 24-hour pm2.5 moderate ...

332 Pages·2014·12.5 MB·English

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICT

FINAL

IMPERIAL COUNTY
2013 STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR
THE 2006 24-HOUR PM MODERATE
2.5
NONATTAINMENT AREA

December 2, 2014
Air Pollution Control Officer
Brad Poiriez

Assistant Air Pollution Control Officer
Reyes Romero

Division Manager
Planning, Rule Development and Monitoring
Monica N. Soucier

Co-Authors
California Air Resources Board
Air Quality Planning & Science Division
Sylvia Vanderspek Chief Air Quality Planning Branch
Webster Tasat Manager Central Valley Air Quality Planning Section
Gabriel Ruiz Manager Emission Inventory Forecasting & Special Projects Section
Kasia Turkiewicz Air Resources Engineer Central Valley Air Quality Planning Section
Dr. Eugene Kim Air Pollution Specialist Central Valley Air Quality Planning Section
Elizabeth Melgoza Air Pollution Specialist Central Valley Air Quality Planning Section
Cari Anderson Air Resources Engineer Transportation Analysis
Earl Withycombe Air Resources Engineer Central Valley Air Quality Planning Section
Imperial County Air Pollution Control District
Planning and Rule Development
Brad Poiriez Air Pollution Control Officer

Reyes Romero Assistant Air Pollution Control Officer

Monica N. Soucier Division Manager

Belen Leon Administrative Analyst
Imperial County 2013 (2006 24-Hr PM ) Table of Contents
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Final December 2, 2014
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 – Introduction/Background
1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Federal PM Standards and Implementation ........................................... 1
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1.3 Particulate Matter (PM) Air Pollution and Health Effects ........................... 3
1.4 Imperial County .......................................................................................... 6
1.4.1 Geography, Population and Land Use ............................................ 6
1.5 Regulatory Responsibility .......................................................................... 7
1.5.1 Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) ................................. 7
1.5.2 California Air Resources Board (CARB) .......................................... 8
1.5.3 Imperial County Air Pollution Control District (ICAPCD) .................. 8

Chapter 2 – Ambient and Air Quality Data
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 9
2.2 Climate and Meteorology ........................................................................... 9
2.2.1 Atmospheric Stability and Dispersion ..............................................10
2.3 Imperial County Air Monitoring Network .....................................................11
2.3.1 PM Monitoring Stations in Imperial County ..................................12
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2.3.2 PM Monitoring Stations in Mexicali ..............................................14
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2.4 Ambient Air Quality Data ............................................................................14
2.4.1 Imperial County PM Air Quality ....................................................15
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Chapter 3 – Emissions Inventory
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................18
3.2 Emission Source Classification System .....................................................18
3.3 2008 and 2012 Inventory Categories .........................................................22
3.4 PM Emissions Inventory .........................................................................22
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3.4.1 Determination of Significant Sources of PM Precursors ...............24
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3.4.1.1 North Wind Analysis of PM Concentrations ....................24
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3.4.1.2 Determination of Significance for Precursors .....................25
3.4.1.3 Secondary Ammonium Nitrate Formation ..........................26
3.4.1.3.a Chemistry ........................................................26
3.4.1.3.b Limiting Precursor Concept .............................27
3.4.1.3.c Role of Ammonia in Ammonium Nitrate
Formation ........................................................28
3.4.1.3.d Role of VOCs in Nitric Acid formation .............30
3.4.1.4 Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) Formation ...................30
3.4.2 Determination of Significant Sources of PM .................................30
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3.5 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) Emissions Inventory ..........................................32
3.6 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Emissions Inventory .......................34
3.7 Sulfur Oxides (SOx) Emissions Inventory ..................................................36
3.8 Ammonia Emissions Inventory ...................................................................36
3.9 Emissions Reduction Credits (ERC’s)........................................................38
Final Index: 2013 SIP for the 2006 24-Hr PM2.5 Nonattainment Area i
Imperial County 2013 (2006 24-Hr PM ) Table of Contents
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Final December 2, 2014

Chapter 4 – Attainment Demonstration
4.1 Overview ....................................................................................................40

Chapter 5 – RACM/RACT, RFP, Contingency Measures, and Transportation
Conformity
5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................47
5.2 “But For” Impact on the PM Nonattainment Area RACM/RACT
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Evaluation ..................................................................................................48
5.3 Reasonably Available Control Measures (RACM) and Reasonably
Available Control Technology (RACT) .......................................................49
5.3.1 Major Stationary Sources in Imperial County ..................................50
5.3.2 Significant Sources of Direct PM .................................................51
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5.3.3 Significant Sources of PM Precursors..........................................60
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5.3.4 Additional Programs in Support of Existing Control Measures ........60
5.3.5 Future Further Study (FFS) .............................................................64
FFS.1-Rule 217 Large Confined Animal Facility Permits Required .65
FFS.2-Composting Facilities ...........................................................66
FFS.3-Agricultural Fertilizers ...........................................................67
5.4 Reasonable Further Progress (RFP) .........................................................68
5.5 Contingency Measures ..............................................................................71
5.6 Transportation Conformity .........................................................................71
5.6.1 PM Requirements ........................................................................72
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5.6.2 Conformity Budgets .........................................................................72

Chapter 6 – Border Strategic Concepts
6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................73
6.1.1 Web-based air quality and health information center ......................73
6.1.2 Flag Alert Program ..........................................................................74
6.1.3 Mexicali and Imperial County Educational Media Campaign ..........75
6.1.4 Vehicle Idling Emissions Study at Calexico East and
Calexico West Ports of Entry...........................................................76
6.1.5 Program to Improve Air Quality in Mexicali 2011-2020 ...................77

Chapter 7 – Conclusion and SIP Checklist
7.1 Checklist of SIP Requirements and Conclusions .......................................78

Final Index: 2013 SIP for the 2006 24-Hr PM2.5 Nonattainment Area ii
Imperial County 2013 (2006 24-Hr PM ) Table of Contents
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Final December 2, 2014
LIST OF ATTACHMENTS

ATTACHMENT A 179B Attainment Demonstration .............................................80
ATTACHMENT B Rule Comparisons ...................................................................229

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 National and State Ambient Air Quality Standards
for Particulate Matter ............................................................................... 4
Table 1.2 Primary PM Species ............................................................................ 5
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Table 2.1 PM Network Monitoring Purpose .........................................................11
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Table 2.2 PM Site Type/Locations .......................................................................13
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Table 3.1 PM Emissions Inventory By Major Source Category 2008, 2011
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and 2012 Winter and Annual Planning Emissions Inventories
(tons/day) ................................................................................................23
Table 3.2 Speciation Data for December 5, 2011 ...................................................25
Table 3.3 Significant PM Precursor Species and Sources in Imperial County
2.5
NA ...........................................................................................................26
Table 3.4 Comparison of NOx and Ammonia emissions in selected years .............29
Table 3.5 Comparison of 2008 NOx and Ammonia emissions ................................29
Table 3.6 2008 PM Emissions Inventory and Predicted Contributions of
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Emissions by Source Category ...............................................................31
Table 3.7 NOx Emissions Inventory By Major Source Category 2008, 2011
and 2012 Winter and Annual Planning Emissions Inventories
(tons/day) ................................................................................................33
Table 3.8 VOCs Emissions Inventory By Major Source Category 2008, 2011
and 2012 Winter and Annual Planning Emissions Inventories
(tons/day) ................................................................................................35
Table 3.9 SOx Emissions Inventory By Major Source Category 2008, 2011
and 2012 Winter and Annual Planning Emissions Inventories
(tons/day) ................................................................................................36
Table 3.10Ammonia Emissions Inventory By Major Source Category 2008, 2011
and 2012 Winter and Annual Planning Emissions Inventories
(tons/day) ................................................................................................37
Table 3.11Emissions Reduction Credits Added to the Annual Emissions
Inventory (tons/day) ................................................................................39
Table 4.1 PM Measurements Exceeding the 24-Hour PM Standard
2.5 2.5
at the Calexico Monitoring Site in 2010-2012 ..........................................44
Table 4.2 24-Hour PM Design Values at Each Monitor .......................................46
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Table 5.1 Major Stationary Source Applicability ......................................................50
Table 5.2 Imperial County Crop Acreage ................................................................55
Table 5.3 Imperial Emission Reductions from the Moyer Program .........................62
Table 5.4 Rule 217 Thresholds ...............................................................................66
Table 5.5 Current List of the Number of Mitigation Measures Required..................66
Table 5.6 2008, 2011, and 2012 Winter Emissions Inventory For PM and
2.5
Precursors ...............................................................................................70
Final Index: 2013 SIP for the 2006 24-Hr PM2.5 Nonattainment Area iii
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Final December 2, 2014
Table 5.7 Transportation Conformity Budgets (tons per winter day) .......................72
Table 7.1 Clean Air Act (CAA) Regulatory Requirements .......................................78
Final Index: 2013 SIP for the 2006 24-Hr PM2.5 Nonattainment Area iv
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Final December 2, 2014
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Imperial County PM Nonattainment Area .......................................... 3
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Figure 1.2 Road Map of Imperial County ............................................................... 6
Figure 2.1 Atmosphere with and without a Temperature Inversion ........................10
Figure 2.2 Air Sheds and areas along the US Mexico Border ...............................12
Figure 2.3 Imperial County Ambient Air Monitoring Stations .................................13
Figure 2.4 Mexicali Ambient Air Monitoring Network .............................................14
Figure 2.5 2001-2012 Average Annual Design Values for
Calexico, El Centro, and Brawley .........................................................15
Figure 2.6 Distribution of PM Concentrations in Imperial County .......................16
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Figure 2.7 Calexico Ethel 24-Hr PM Trends (FRM Data) ...................................16
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Figure 2.8 El Centro 24-Hr PM Trends (FRM Data) ...........................................17
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Figure 2.9 Brawley 24-Hr PM Trends (FRM Data) .............................................17
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Figure 3.1 FRM PM Concentrations in Imperial County NA from 2010-2012
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when North Winds >18 Hours and Wind Speeds >1.5m/s ....................25
Figure 3.2 Ammonium Nitrate Formation ...............................................................27
Figure 3.3 Reducing the less abundant precursor is more effective in reducing
Ammonium Nitrate ................................................................................27
Figure 3.4 Reducing the more abundant precursor is less effective in reducing
Ammonium Nitrate ................................................................................28
Figure 4.1 Mexicali and Calexico Separated by the International Border ..............41
Figure 4.2 Mexicali and Calexico ...........................................................................42
Figure 4.3 2001-2012 Annual Design Values for the Border Region, Brawley
and El Centro .......................................................................................43
Figure 4.4 2001-2012 24-hour Design Values for the Border Region, Brawley
and El Centro .......................................................................................43
Figure 4.5 Concentrations of Select Elemental Species on an Average
Exceedance Day (2010-2012) ..............................................................45
Figure 5.1 Imperial County Agriculture Contrast to Desert ....................................54
Figure 5.2 Reasonable Further Progress Demonstration for the Imperial
Nonattainment Area (Annual Emissions Inventory) ..............................70

List of Acronyms ...................................................................................................... vi

Final Index: 2013 SIP for the 2006 24-Hr PM2.5 Nonattainment Area v
Imperial County 2013 (2006 24-Hr PM ) Table of Contents
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Final December 2, 2014
ACRONYMS
ACT Alternative Control Technique
Addendum U.S. EPA 1994 Addendum to the General Preamble
ANP Annual Network Plan
AQI Air Quality Index
AQTF Air Quality Task Force
BACM Best Available Control Measures
BACT Best Available Control Technology
BAM Beta Attenuation Monitors
BAR Bureau of Automotive Repair
BECC Border Environmental Cooperation Commission
BLM Bureau of Land Management
BP Barometric Pressure
CAA Clean Air Act
CARB California Air Resources Board
CDFA California Department of Food & Agriculture
CEC California Energy Commission
CEIDARS California Emission Inventory Development and Reporting System
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CMP Conservation Management Practice
COBACH Colegio de Bachilleres; High School
CONALEP National College of Technical Vocational Education
CTG Control Technology Guidance
D.C. District of Columbia
DCP Dust Control Plan
DMV Department of Motor Vehicle
DPR Department of Parks and Recreation
EI Emission Inventory
ERC Emissions Reduction Credit
FFS Future Further Study
FREP Fertilizer Research and Education Program
FRM Federal Reference Method
HAP Hazardous Air Pollutants
HARP Hot spots Analysis and Reporting Program
HNO Nitric Acid
3
HWS Horizontal Wind Speed
ICAPCD Imperial County Air Pollution Control District
ITM Instituto Technologico de Mexicali
LCAF Large Confined Animal Facilities
MPO Metropolitan Planning Organization
NA Nonattainment Area
NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standard
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Final December 2, 2014
ACRONYMS
NH Ammonia
3
NH Ammonium
4
NH NO Ammonium Nitrate
4 3
NMP Nutrient Management Plan
NO Nitrogen Dioxide
2
NO Nitrate
3
NOx Nitrogen Oxides
NSR New Source Review
O Ozone
3
OT Outside Temperature
PM Particulate Matter
PM Particulate Matter less than 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter
10
PM Particulate Matter less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter
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Preamble U.S. EPA 1992 General Preamble
RACM Reasonable Available Control Measures
RACT Reasonable Available Control Technologies
RFP Reasonable Further Progress
RH Relative Humidity
RTPA Regional Transportation Planning Agencies
SB700 Senate Bill 700 Florez Agricultural Sources
SCAG Southern California Association of Governments
SCAQMD Sacramento Valley Air Quality Management District
SCC Source Classification Code
SCR Selectrive Catalytic Reduction
SIC Standard Industrial Classification
SIP State Implementation Plan
SJAPCD San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District
SLAMS State or Local Air Monitoring Stations
SMP Smoke Management Plan
SO Sulfur Dioxide
2
SO Sulfate
4
SOA Secondary Organic Aerosols
SOx Sulfur Oxides
SPA Secretariat of the State of Baja California
SR Solar Radiation
TPD Tons Per Day
U Units
µg/m3 Micrograms Per Cubic Meter
Final Index: 2013 SIP for the 2006 24-Hr PM2.5 Nonattainment Area vii
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Final December 2, 2014
ACRONYMS
U.S. United States
U.S. BP United States Border Patrol
U.S. EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
UABC Autonomous University of Baja California
VOC Volatile Organic Compounds
VSCC Very Sharp Cut Cyclone
WD Wind Direction
WESTAR Western States Air Resources Council
WMP Waste Management Plan
WRAP Western Regional Air Partnership

Final Index: 2013 SIP for the 2006 24-Hr PM2.5 Nonattainment Area viii
Imperial County 2013 SIP (2006 24-Hr PM ) Chapter 1: Introduction and Background
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Final December 2, 2014
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

1.1 Introduction

This document brings together the necessary data and discussion in presenting the
State Implementation Plan (SIP) for the 2006 24-Hour Fine Particulate Matter less than
2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter (PM ) National Ambient Air Quality Standard
2.5
(NAAQS). This chapter provides an overview of particulate matter (PM) as an air
pollutant, a brief description of the Imperial County area, and a discussion of the
purpose, regulatory background, and regulatory agencies concerned with this SIP.

1.2 Federal PM Standards and Implementation
2.5

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) is required under
section 108 of the Clean Air Act (CAA) to periodically review and establish health-based
air quality NAAQS for pollutants which “may reasonably be anticipated to endanger
public health and welfare”1. Section 109 of the CAA directs the Administrator to
propose and promulgate “primary” and “secondary” NAAQS for those pollutants
identified under section 108.

On July 18, 1997, U.S. EPA issued its final rule revising the PM NAAQS, by adding two
new PM standards. U.S. EPA’s decision to revise the PM NAAQS rested on available
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scientific evidence linking exposures to ambient PM to adverse health and welfare
effects at levels allowed by the then current PM standard. Particular attention was
given to several size specific classes of particles which included fine PM . The two
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new PM standards were set at 15 micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3), based on the
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3 year average of annual arithmetic mean and a 24-hour average of 65µg/m3, based on
the 3-year average of the 98th percentile. In 2005, the Imperial County was designated
as an attainment area meeting the 1997 PM NAAQS.
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On October 17, 2006,2 U.S. EPA strengthened the primary and secondary 24-hour PM
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NAAQS from 65ug/m3 to 35ug/m3.3 Section 107(d)(1)(A)(i) of the CAA defines a
nonattainment area (NA) as any area that does not meet an ambient air quality standard,
or that contributes to ambient air quality in a nearby area that does not meet the
standard. In a 2007 guidance document U.S. EPA recommended that the three most
recent calendar years of air quality monitoring data for PM be used to identify a
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violation of the 2006 24-hour PM NAAQS. For the final designations, U.S. EPA
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identified monitoring data from Federal Reference Method (FRM) monitors for calendar
years 2006-2008. U.S. EPA designated Imperial County as nonattainment for the 2006
24-hr PM standard, effective December 14, 2009.4 U.S. EPA required PM
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nonattainment areas to implement subpart 1 provisions. Imperial County received a

1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter; Final Rule, Federal Register, Volume 62, No 138; 38652-38760,
July 18, 1997
2 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter; Final Rule, Federal Register, Volume 71, Pages 61144-61233,
October 17, 2006.
3 On January 15, 2013 (78 FR 3086) the U.S. EPA revised the annual PM2.5 standard by lowering the level to 12.0 micrograms.
4 Air Quality Designations for the 2006 24-Hour Fine Particle (PM2.5) National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Federal Register,
Volume 74, pages 58688-58781, November 13, 2009.
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