Table Of ContentFILSAFAT
TERAKHIR
Evaluasi Filsafat Sepanjang Masa
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Miswari
FILSAFAT
TERAKHIR
Evaluasi Filsafat Sepanjang Masa
FILSAFAT TERAHIR
E valuasi Filsafat Sepanjang Masa
Judul:
x + 468 hal., 15 cm x 23 cm
All Rights Reserved
Cetakan Pertama: September, 2016
Hak Cipta © dilindungi Undang-undang.
MISWARI
Penulis:
Perancang Sampul & Unimal Press
Penata Letak: Eriyanto
Pracetak dan Produksi:
Penerbit:
Unimal Press
Jl. Sulawesi No.1-2 ISBN 602137355-3
Kampus Bukit Indah Lhokseumawe 2435 1
PO.Box. 141. Telp. 0645-41373. F ax. 0645-44450
L aman: www.unimal.ac.id/unimalpress.
Email: [email protected]
978-602-1373-55-2
ISBN:
9 786021 373552 >
Dilarang keras memfotocopy atau memperbanyak sebahagian atau seluruh
buku ini tanpa seizin tertulis dari Penerbit
KATA PENGANTAR
Radhitu billahi Rabba, wabil Islami diina. Wabi Muhammadani
nabiya wa rasula
Alhamdulillah.
.
Konon, Tuhan membangun sebuah menara agar manusia tidak
berpecah belah. Itu seperti filsafat Pythagogas. Namun karena watak manusia
yang egoistik, Tuhan meruntuhkan menara itu. Manusia menjadi berpecah-
belah. Setelah Pythagoras, filsafat dipecah menjadi idealisme oleh Plato dan
dan realisme oleh Aristoteles. Setelah itu, para filosof terpecah menjadi idealis
dan realis, rasionalis dan empiris, dan seterusnya. Sebagian berusaha
menggabungkan separasi itu.
Imam Mahdi yang dijanjikan muncul di akhir zaman tidak datang
dengan membawa agama baru. Dia hadir untuk meneguhkan agama yang
sudah ada; Sebuah agama yang diyakini seFbilasgaafia tp eTneyretimngpguirna agama-agama
sebelumnya. Filsafat terakhir tidak hadir untuk membangun sebuah aliran
filsafat baru.F Iials ahfaadti rT eurnatkuhki rmeneguhkan yang hingga kini
diyaniki telah berhasil mensintesa seluruh ajaran filsafat, teologi dan sufisme.
Buku mengevaluasi seluruh ajaran filsafat yang telah
ditulis ummat manusia. Buku ini wajib dimiliki oleh mahasiswadan dosen
yang menggelutikajian filsafat dan siapa saja yang ingin memahami seluruh
ajaran filsafat dalam sebuah buku.
Buku ini diawali dengan penjelasan dan argumentasi seputar filsafat,
teologi dan mistisme untuk membuat pembaca nyaman dengan diskursus
selanjutnya. Lalu dijelaskan dasar-dasar ilmu dan filsafat untuk memahami
tertib dasar filsafat dan keilmuan. Lalu menerangkan filsafat Timur, filsafat
Barat Klasik, Fisafat Islam, filosofi Nusantara, filsafat Barat, Postodernisme,
filosofi agama dan diskursu-diskursus yang umumnya menjadi turunan dari
filsafat, seperti fisafat manusia, sejarah pendidikan dan kebangsaan.
Terimakasih tak terhingga kepada keluarga, rekan-rekan, penerbit dan
semua pihak yang telah memberikan banyak kontribusi hingga buku ini
sampai kepada pembaca. Mohon maaf atas segala kekurangan. Masukan
sangat diharapkan guna perbaikan untuk edisi selanjutnya.
Peusangan, 12 September 2016
Penulis
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vi
DAFTAR ISI
KAGTAER PBEANNGGAN FTILASRA .F....A...T...............................................................................................................................v
DAFTAR ISI ......................................................................................................................................................vii
............................................................................................................................ 1
FILSAFAT MENUJU WUJUD........................................................................................................1
PANGGILAN FILSAFAT ..................................................................................................................5
DUA CARA PENDEKATAN ...........................................................................................................7
ANTARA MATERI DAN PERISTIWA.....................................................................................8
BUKU KEHIDUPAN........................................................................................................................... 9
ILMU DIAM .........................................................................................................................................1 2
TAMAN ORANG-ORANG YANG BERBAHAGIA ........................................................... 14
AKAL AKTIF .......................................................................................................................................1 6
SURVIVAL FILSAFAT ...................................................................................................................1 7
FILOSOF BUKAN KUDA ..............................................................................................................2 0
ANTARA HIKMAH DAN PENALARAN .............................................................................. 23
FILSAFAT MISTISME ...................................................................................................................2 4
TEOLOGI KLASIK ............................................................................................................................ 27
HIDUP DARI MATI ......................................................................................................................... 44
OMEGA...................................................................................................................................................4 6
ORIENTASI MANUSIA .................................................................................................................4 8
DAMSAERRE-DKAAS BAERRIDLEMBUA TD .A...N.... ..F...I..L...S...A...F...A....T....................................................................................5 3
KE KEBUDAYAAN .......................................................................................................................... 55
................................................................................. 61
DASAR-DASAR PENGETAHUAN .......................................................................................... 61
DASAR-DASAR PENGETAHUAN DALAM ISLAM ...................................................... 64
FILESPAIFSATETM TOIMLOUGRI DALAM PANDANGAN AL-ATTAS ................................................. 65
DASAR-DASAR FILSAFAT.........................................................................................................6 9
................................................................................................................................ 73
FILSAFAT PERSIA .......................................................................................................................... 73
FILSAFAT INDIA.............................................................................................................................. 75
FILFSIALSFAAFTA BTA CRINAAT . .K....L...A....S...I.K............................................................................................................... 77
FILSAFAT JEPANG ......................................................................................................................... 78
...........................................................................................................8 1
KOSMOSENTRISME YUNANI ................................................................................................. 81
LOGOSENTRISME YUNANI......................................................................................................8 6
Sofis dan Sokrates ...................................................................................................................8 6
Plato ..................................................................................................................................................8 8
Aristoteles.....................................................................................................................................9 1
ANTROPOSENTRISME YUNANI DAN NEOPLATONIS .......................................... 97
Sinisme dan Skeptisme........................................................................................................9 8
Epicurus dan Kaum Stois ...................................................................................................9 9
Neoplatonis............................................................................................................................... 101
vii
TEOSENTRISME KRISTEN ....................................................................................................1 04
FILSASFtA. ATu IgSuLsAtiMne ............................................................................................................................ 105
St. Thomas Aquinas.............................................................................................................1 06
............................................................................................................................... 111
FILSAFATWUJUD DALAM TRADISI INTELEKTUAL ISLAM........................... 114
PANDANGAN AL-KINDI TENTANG POSISI AKAL DAN WAHYU ................ 117
FILSAFAT POLITIK ISLAM AL-FARABI ........................................................................ 119
LOGIKA IBN SINA ........................................................................................................................1 21
METAFISIKA IBN SINA ............................................................................................................1 28
AL-GHAZALI: TEOLOG MENILAI FILSAFAT ............................................................. 132
TEOLOGI FAKHRUDDIN AR-RAZI ................................................................................... 135
Tuhan Tidak Serupa dengan Makhluk-Nya........................................................ 135
Tuhan tidak Mengambil Tempat................................................................................ 136
Teodisi Teologis.....................................................................................................................1 37
FILSAFAT ISLAM SPANYOL ................................................................................................. 137
Ibn Bajjah ...................................................................................................................................1 38
Ibn Tufayl ...................................................................................................................................1 38
Ibn Rusyd ...................................................................................................................................1 38
FILSAFAT ISYRAQ SHIHÂB AL-DÎN AL-SUHRAWARDÎ.................................... 140
Prinsip Epistemologi Isyraqi ........................................................................................ 141
Relasi Suhrawardi dengan Flosof.............................................................................. 143
WSeubjeuldum dan Setelahnya..................................................................................................1 43
EPIASlT-HEaMqOq LOGI WAHDATUL WUJUD IBN ‘ARABI ............................................... 144
dan ‘Adam..................................................................................................................1 52
dan Khalik..............................................................................................................1 52
Tajali ..............................................................................................................................................1 53
Zahir dan Batin.......................................................................................................................1 54
Kesatuan dan Pluralitas ...................................................................................................1 54
ATla-n'Yzaihn daal-nT sTaabsiytabhih .............................................................................................................1 55
Zat dan Nama-nama............................................................................................................1 55
...............................................................................................................1 56
Insan Kamil ............................................................................................................................... 156
PENGANTAR MENUJU FILSAFAT MULLA SADRA................................................ 157
MULLA SADRA .............................................................................................................................. 166
Wujud dan Mahiyah............................................................................................................1 67
FILOSJOiwFaI NdaUnS PAeNnTgAetRaAhuan.......................................................................................................1 78
Fakultas Jiwa............................................................................................................................ 180
................................................................................................................1 83
HAMZAH FANSURI .....................................................................................................................1 83
SYAMSUDDIN AS-SUMATRANI ......................................................................................... 195
NÛR AL-DÎN AL-RANIRÎ .........................................................................................................1 96
ABD AL-RAÛF AL-SINKILÎ.....................................................................................................1 98
SYAIKH YUSUF AL-MAQASSARI ....................................................................................... 201
KI AGENG SURYOMENTARAN ........................................................................................... 203
viii
FILSAFAT BARAT MODERN
....................................................................................................2 05
LEONARDO ......................................................................................................................................2 06
NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI ........................................................................................................2 14
GIORDANO BRUNO ....................................................................................................................2 15
SIR FRANCIS BACON.................................................................................................................2 17
RENE DESCARTES ......................................................................................................................2 19
JOHN LOCKE ...................................................................................................................................2 24
BARUCH SPINOZA ......................................................................................................................2 26
GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ....................................................................................... 228
GEORGE BERKELEY ..................................................................................................................2 30
DAVID HUME..................................................................................................................................2 31
JEAN JAQUES ROUSSEU ..........................................................................................................2 33
Romantisme ............................................................................................................................. 235
IMMANUEL KANT .......................................................................................................................2 37
Metafisika Kant ......................................................................................................................2 41
Etika Kant...................................................................................................................................2 44
JEREMY BENTHAM ....................................................................................................................2 49
GEORG FRIEDRICH WILHELM HEGEL ......................................................................... 251
Nalar Sejarah Hegel.............................................................................................................2 55
LUDWIG FEUERBACH ..............................................................................................................2 63
JOHN STUART MILLS................................................................................................................2 64
SOREN KIERKEGAARD ............................................................................................................2 64
KARL MARX.....................................................................................................................................2 67
POFSRTIMEDORDIECRKN NIETZSCHE ..........................................................................................................2 70
REVIEW FILSAFAT BARAT MODERN ........................................................................... 271
....................................................................................................................................2 73
PENDIDIKAN JOHN DEWEY ................................................................................................ 273
FILOSOFI MATEMATIS ALFRED NORTH WHITEHEAD ................................... 276
TERTIUM ORGANUM PETER DEMIANOVICH OUSPENSKY .......................... 283
FILSAFAT BAHASA LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN ....................................................... 296
SANG ADA MARTIN HEIDEGGER ..................................................................................... 311
FALSIFIKASI KARL POPPER ................................................................................................ 320
FRANCOIS LYOTARD ................................................................................................................3 24
MICHAEL FOUCAULT ...............................................................................................................3 25
DEKONSTRUKSI JACQUES DERRIDA ............................................................................ 327
RICHARD RORTY ......................................................................................................................... 332
FILHOESROMFIE AUGNAEUMTAIKA......................................................................................................................3 34
POSTMODERNISME ADALAH SOFISME MUTAKHIR ......................................... 339
............................................................................................................................. 353
MERETAS JALAN TEOLOGI BARU ................................................................................... 353
INTELEK DAN INTUISI ............................................................................................................3 67
TARIAN ILAHI................................................................................................................................ 372
KESADARAN ...................................................................................................................................3 83
HERMEUNEUTIKA AL-QUR'AN ......................................................................................... 388
TEMBANG CINTA ........................................................................................................................3 94
MENGEMBALIKAN KEAGUNGAN KRISTEN ............................................................. 400
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