Table Of ContentFighting for Foreigners
Fighting for Foreigners
Immigration and Its Impact
on Japanese Democracy
Apichai W. Shipper
Cornell University Press
Ithaca and London
Cornell University Press gratefully acknowledges receipt of a
subvention from the University of Southern California, which helped
in the publication of this book.
Copyright © 2008 by Cornell University
All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or
parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in
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Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850.
First published 2008 by Cornell University Press
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Shipper, Apichai W. (Apichai Wongsod), 1968–
Fighting for foreigners : immigration and its impact on Japanese
democracy / Apichai W. Shipper.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978–0–8014–4715–0 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Immigrants—Japan—Political activity. 2. Aliens—Japan—Political
activity. 3. Illegal aliens—Japan—Political activity. 4. Alien labor—
Japan. 5. Japan—Emigration and immigration—Government policy.
6. Emigration and immigration law—Japan. 7. Democracy—Japan.
I. Title.
DS832.7.A1S55 2008
320.952—dc22 2008015708
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cornellpress.cornell.edu.
Cloth printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
For my parents,
Ranoo and Sander Shipper
Contents
Preface ix
Abbreviations xiii
Note on Conventions xvii
1. Introduction: Associative Activism 1
2. Controlling Foreigners: Japan’s Foreign Worker Policy 25
3. Long-Distance Nationalism: Political Activities of
Immigrant Ethnic Associations 59
4. Democracy of Illegals: Organizing Support for
Illegal Foreigners 88
5. Local Partners: Local Governments and Immigrant
Rights NGOs 128
6. Foreigners in the Public Sphere: Contesting Prevalent
Social Meanings 156
viii Contents
7. Conclusion: Foreigners and Democracy 188
Appendix 203
Index 207
Preface
At the beginning of the third millennium, the development of capi-
talism has reached a point where capital, ideas, and people move readily
across national boundaries. Globalization, as this stage of capitalism is now
called, poses a challenge for many thinkers in the new millennium. It chal-
lenges us not only to understand how globalization positively or negatively
affects societies but also to fi nd imaginative rules and institutions to ensure
that globalization works justly for those 200 million people who live and
work in a country other than the one they were born in. Japanese capital-
ism, which is known for its innovative business practices and institutions,
can be expected to offer new ideas on such rules and institutions to students
of comparative immigration politics. This book explores Japan’s immigra-
tion laws and institutions and their impact on its democracy.
This project originated at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
where I received my graduate training. I greatly appreciate the guidance
of my thesis committee: Richard Samuels, Michael Piore, Benedict Ander-
son (from Cornell), and the late Myron Weiner. They have shown me a
x Preface
path to my becoming a committed scholar as well as a caring teacher and a
decent human being. Loren King and Robert Pekkanen, whose academic
paths crossed mine in Cambridge, have witnessed and deeply infl uenced
the development of this project, both theoretically and empirically, from its
initial stage to the fi nal product. They tirelessly offered critical, new chal-
lenges to my idea, and I cherish our long friendship and their continued
intellectual support.
I also benefi ted greatly from scholars who have read and commented on
portions of this book in earlier forms. I would like to thank John Dower,
David Gartner, Andrew Gordon, Norma Field, Wolfgang Herbert, Hi-
guchi Naoto, Peter Hill, Horiuchi Yusaku, the late Kajita Takamichi, An-
thony Kammas, Hyung Gu Lynn, Peter Nosco, Susan Pharr, T. J. Pempel,
Kim Reimann, Frank Schwartz, Jefferey Sellers, Tanno Kiyoto, Tsujinaka
Yutaka, Tsunekawa Kei’ichi, and Watanabe Hiroaki. I am also grateful to
the two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on earlier versions and
appreciate the enthusiasm and professionalism of Roger Haydon of Cor-
nell University Press. Finally, I thank Barbara Gartner and Ange Romeo-
Hall for helping to improve the writing of the manuscript.
I acknowledge the fi nancial and institutional support from the United
Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies, the Matsushita Inter-
national Foundation, the University of Tokyo Institute of Social Science,
the Hitotsubashi University Department of Social Studies, the Harvard–
MIT MacArthur Fellowship on Transnational Security, the MIT Indus-
trial Performance Center, the Harvard University Program on U.S.–Japan
Relations, the Japan Foundation, and the University of Southern Cali-
fornia (USC) Center for International Studies. I am grateful to the USC
Department of Political Science and the School of International Relations
for providing me with great research assistants: Jeany Choi, Christine Jun,
Nadejda Marinova, Abigail Ruane, and Laura Sjoberg.
Part of this book draws from my earlier work: “Criminals or Victims?
The Politics of Illegal Foreigners in Japan,” reprinted by permission of
Journal of Japanese Studies 31, no. 2 (2005): 299–327; and “Foreigners and
Civil Society in Japan,” reprinted by permission of Pacifi c Affairs 79, no. 2
(2006): 269–289.
I owe a great debt to the foreigners, social activists, and government of-
fi cials with whom I have interacted over the years. They have been gener-
ous in sharing time, stories, ideas, and documents with me.
