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This book is dedicated to those who helped to make it possible. First
and foremost is my husband, Kelly Green. Contributions were also made by
students and staff at Cogswell College North. The students provided numerous
helpful comments while using an early draft as a text. Finally, but by no
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the light of day.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Historical Perspective (cid:9) 1
1.1:(cid:9) Fiber Optic Technology Evolution(cid:9) 1
1.2:(cid:9) Comparison to Free Space and Coax Systems(cid:9) 4
1.3:(cid:9) Technology and Application Trends(cid:9) 8
1.4:(cid:9) Market Trends(cid:9) 10
1.5: Summary(cid:9) 13
1.6:(cid:9) Exercises(cid:9) 13
Chapter 2 Network Overview (cid:9) 15
2.1:(cid:9) The OSI Model(cid:9) 16
2.2:(cid:9) The Physical Layer (cid:9) 19
2.3:(cid:9) Data Coding Techniques(cid:9) 19
2.4:(cid:9) The Role of Standards(cid:9) 23
2.5:(cid:9) Network and Data Timing(cid:9) 24
2.6:(cid:9) Measures of Link Performance(cid:9) 27
2.7: Summary(cid:9) 30
2.8: Exercises(cid:9) 30
Chapter 3 Optics and Materials (cid:9) 33
3.1:(cid:9) Light (cid:9) 33
3.2:(cid:9) Geometric Optics(cid:9) 35
3.3:(cid:9) Wave Optics(cid:9) 37
3.4: Summary(cid:9) 40
3.5:(cid:9) Exercises(cid:9) 41
Chapter 4 Transmitters (cid:9) 43
4.1:(cid:9) Transmitter Overview(cid:9) 44
4.2:(cid:9) The Electrical Interface(cid:9) 46
4.3:(cid:9) Multiplexing Schemes(cid:9) 46
4.4:(cid:9) Modules and Discrete Designs(cid:9) 48
4.5:(cid:9) LED and Laser Diodes(cid:9) 49
4.6:(cid:9) LED Devices(cid:9) 51
4.7:(cid:9) Laser Devices(cid:9) 55
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Table of Contents
4.8:(cid:9) Device Biasing(cid:9) 56
4.9:(cid:9) Environmental Effects(cid:9) 57
4.10: Reliability(cid:9) 61
4.11: LED vs. Laser: System Tradeoffs(cid:9) 62
4.12: Summary(cid:9) 66
4.13: Exercises(cid:9) 66
Chapter 5 Receiver Modules (cid:9) 69
5.1:(cid:9) Receiver Overview(cid:9) 69
5.2:(cid:9) Device Structures(cid:9) 70
5.3:(cid:9) Amplifiers(cid:9) 76
5.4:(cid:9) Receiver Bandwidth(cid:9) 80
5.5:(cid:9) Receiver Noise Performance(cid:9) 83
5.6:(cid:9) Environmental Effects(cid:9) 87
5.7:(cid:9) Receiver Layout (cid:9) 88
5.8: Summary(cid:9) 89
5.9:(cid:9) Exercises(cid:9) 90
Chapter 6 Optical Fiber Characteristics (cid:9) 93
6.1:(cid:9) Fiber Profiles(cid:9) 94
6.2:(cid:9) Waveguide Properties(cid:9) 96
6.3:(cid:9) Optical Interface(cid:9) 98
6.4: Attenuation(cid:9) 100
6.5:(cid:9) Bending Losses(cid:9) 104
6.6:(cid:9) Connection Losses(cid:9) 107
6.7:(cid:9) Splices And Connectors(cid:9) 112
6.8:(cid:9) Optical Multiplexing(cid:9) 114
6.9:(cid:9) Fiber Amplifiers(cid:9) 116
6.10: Summary(cid:9) 118
6.11: Exercises(cid:9) 118
Chapter 7 Link Bandwidth (cid:9) 121
7.1:(cid:9) Link Transfer Function(cid:9) 121
7.2:(cid:9) Intermodal Dispersion(cid:9) 123
7.3:(cid:9) Intramodal Dispersion(cid:9) 125
7.4:(cid:9) Total Fiber Dispersion(cid:9) 128
7.5:(cid:9) Link Bandwidth(cid:9) 129
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Table of Contents
7.6:(cid:9) Non—linear and Harmonic Effects(cid:9) 130
7.7:(cid:9) System Tradeoffs(cid:9) 132
7.8: Summary(cid:9) 133
7.9:(cid:9) Exercises(cid:9) 134
Chapter 8 Link Analysis (cid:9) 137
8.1: Components(cid:9) 138
8.2:(cid:9) Link Power Analysis(cid:9) 139
8.3:(cid:9) Digital Links(cid:9) 142
8.4:(cid:9) Analog Links(cid:9) 144
8.5:(cid:9) Wavelength Division Multiplexing(cid:9) 147
8.6: Summary(cid:9) 148
8.7:(cid:9) Component Library for Exercises(cid:9) 148
8.8:(cid:9) Exercises(cid:9) 149
Chapter 9 Link Design (cid:9) 153
9.1:(cid:9) Window Selection(cid:9) 154
9.2:(cid:9) Module Selection(cid:9) 156
9.3:(cid:9) Fiber and Cable Selection(cid:9) 157
9.4:(cid:9) Performance Analysis(cid:9) 158
9.5: Summary(cid:9) 161
9.6:(cid:9) Exercises(cid:9) 161
Chapter 10 Installation and Testing (cid:9) 163
10.1: Component Acceptance Testing(cid:9) 163
10.2: Link Acceptance Testing(cid:9) 165
10.3: Test Equipment(cid:9) 166
10.4: Link Reliability(cid:9) 169
10.5: Installation Techniques(cid:9) 169
10.6: Troubleshooting Techniques(cid:9) 171
10.7: Summary(cid:9) 173
10.8: Exercises(cid:9) 173
Appendix A Bibliography (cid:9) 175
Appendix B Glossary (cid:9) 177
Appendix C Symbols, Constants, and Conversions (cid:9) 179
VIII
Table of Contents
Appendix D Signals and Noise (cid:9) 185
D.1: Exercises(cid:9) 188
Appendix E Maxwell's Equations (cid:9) 189
E.1: Maxwell's Equations: Free Space(cid:9) 191
E.2: Maxwell's Equations: Rectangular Metal Waveguide(cid:9) 193
E.3: Maxwell's Equations: Circular Dielectric Waveguide(cid:9) 195
E.4: Exercises(cid:9) 197
Appendix F Frequency Response (cid:9) 199
Appendix G Semiconductor Materials (cid:9) 201
Appendix H Power and Risetime Budget Sheets (Blanks) (cid:9) 205
Index (cid:9) 207
ix
PREFACE
This book is an outgrowth of fiber optic design courses given by the
author. The focus of the text is the practical design of point—to—point fiber
optic links, and is addressed to practicing engineers and students in electrical
engineering and electronics technology. The background needed for this
material includes engineering mathematics, college physics, and a basic
knowledge of analog transistor circuits. A reading list is provided for those
desiring to pursue any topic in greater depth.
The text is designed for a senior design—oriented course. It is also
suitable for self—study, with numerous examples and a variety of exercises
provided. Related topics, such as Maxwell's equations, are included in
appendices, together with related exercises.
Applications of fiber optics to digital communications, analog and
digitized video, and related areas are discussed. The examples illustrating
design equation usage and design techniques draw from these application
areas. Design equations are given in the body of the text, together with
discussions of their ranges of validity and examples. Typical parameters are
used for link components in the examples and the exercises. Component
characteristics and design techniques are discussed with a focus towards
practical design of fiber optic links.
Components are covered with emphasis on performance within a system.
For example, the effect of source spectral width on system bandwidth is
discussed in three places: the chapter on modules, the chapter on fibers, and the
chapter on design techniques.
