Table Of ContentEdited by
Oleg G. Okhotnikov
Fiber Lasers
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Diels, J.-C.,Arissian, L. Paschotta, R.
Lasers Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and
ThePowerandPrecisionofLight Technology
2011 2008
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Rafailov,E.U.,Cataluna, M. A., Meschede,D.
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Optics,LightandLasers
UltrafastLasersBasedonQuantum
ThePracticalApproachtoModern
DotStructures AspectsofPhotonicsandLaserPhysics
PhysicsandDevices 2004
2011
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Edited by
Oleg G. Okhotnikov
Fiber Lasers
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V
Contents
Preface XI
List of Contributors XIII
1 Introduction 1
OlegG.Okhotnikov
References 4
2 High-PowerFiberLasersandAmplifiers:FundamentalsandEnabling
TechnologiestoEntertheUpperLimits 7
ThomasSchreiber,RamonaEberhardt,JensLimpert,and
AndreasTünnermann
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 High-PowerFiberDesign 8
2.2.1 DoubleCladFiberDesign 8
2.2.2 LargeCoreDesigninSpecialFibers 11
2.2.2.1 Motivation 11
2.2.2.2 CoreDesigninPhotonicCrystalFibers 12
2.2.3 PumpCoreDesign 15
2.2.4 PolarizationControl 16
2.3 TheoreticalDescriptionandNonlinearEffectsinLaserFibers 19
2.3.1 PropagationandRateEquationDescription 19
2.3.2 Thermo-opticalEffects 22
2.3.3 InelasticScattering 25
2.3.4 Self-PhaseModulation 27
2.3.5 ModeInstabilities 27
2.4 FiberComponentsforHigh-PowerFiberLasers 31
2.4.1 FiberPreparation 31
2.4.2 Endcaps 33
2.4.3 PumpCoupler 34
2.4.4 Mode-Stripper 37
2.5 High-PowerExperiments 37
2.5.1 NarrowLinewidthCWAmplification 37
2.5.1.1 NarrowLinewidthAmplificationofaBroadenedSingle-Frequency
DiodeLaser 38
VI Contents
2.5.1.2 NarrowLinewidthAmplifiedSpontaneousEmissionSource 39
2.5.1.3 SBSSuppressionCapabilitiesoftheNarrowLinewidth
ASESource 42
2.5.2 TandemPumping 43
2.5.3 BeamCombiningMethods 47
2.5.3.1 HighAveragePowerCWSpectralBeamCombining 49
2.5.3.2 PulsedSBC 52
2.6 Summary 55
References 55
3 SupercontinuumSourcesBasedonPhotonicCrystalFiber 63
SebastianStark,JohnC.Travers,NicolasY.Joly,and PhilipSt.J.Russell
3.1 IntroductionandBriefHistory 63
3.1.1 OutlineofthisChapter 64
3.2 PhotonicCrystalFibersandTapers 64
3.2.1 CalculatingPCFProperties 65
3.2.2 NonlinearityinPCF 66
3.2.3 DispersioninPCF 69
3.3 ModelingNonlinearPulsePropagationinOpticalFiber 71
3.3.1 UnidirectionalFieldEquation 71
3.3.2 EnvelopeEquations 73
3.4 UltrafastPumpedSupercontinuumSources 74
3.4.1 RegimesofSupercontinuumGeneration 74
3.4.2 InitialDynamicsandSolitons 77
3.4.3 Dispersive-WaveGeneration 78
3.4.4 IntrapulseRamanScattering 79
3.4.5 TailoringtheShapeoftheSC–WaysofShaping 81
3.4.5.1 PowerDependence 81
3.4.5.2 WavelengthTuning 82
3.4.6 MultipleZDWs 82
3.4.6.1 ThreeZDWs 84
3.4.7 TaperTransitions 85
3.4.7.1 SolitonDynamicsinAxiallyVaryingFiber 86
3.4.7.2 IntrapulseFWM 86
3.4.7.3 SolitonBlueShift 87
3.4.8 ExtremeSCG 88
3.5 Conclusion 89
References 89
4 DissipativeSolitonFiberLasers 97
WilliamH.RenningerandFrankW.Wise
4.1 Introduction 97
4.2 Theory:AnalyticApproach 99
4.2.1 Theory 99
4.2.2 ExperimentalResults 103
Contents VII
4.3 Theory:Simulations 105
4.3.1 TemporalEvolution 105
4.3.2 VariationofLaserParameters 107
4.3.2.1 NonlinearPhaseShifts 107
4.3.2.2 SpectralFilterBandwidth 109
4.3.2.3 Group-VelocityDispersion 109
4.3.2.4 SummaryoftheEffectsofLaserParameters 109
4.3.2.5 DesignGuidelines 110
4.3.3 ExperimentalConfirmation 112
4.4 PhysicalLimits 114
4.4.1 AreaTheorem 114
4.4.2 PulseEnergy 117
4.4.3 PulseDuration 119
4.5 PracticalExtensions 120
4.5.1 Core-SizeScaling 120
4.5.1.1 Double-CladFiber 121
4.5.1.2 PhotonicCrystalFiber 122
4.5.1.3 Chirally-CoupledCoreFiber 124
4.5.2 EnvironmentalStability 125
4.6 Giant-ChirpOscillators 127
4.7 Summary 130
References 130
5 ModelingandTechnologiesofUltrafastFiberLasers 135
BrandonG.Bale,OlegG.Okhitnikov,andSergeiK.Turitsyn
5.1 OverviewofShortPulseFiberLasers 135
5.1.1 Introduction 135
5.1.2 GainFiber 136
5.1.3 All-FiberMethodsforDispersionControl 137
5.1.4 AdvancedSaturableAbsorbers 139
5.1.4.1 Quantum-ConfinedSemiconductorAbsorbers 139
5.1.4.2 Carbon-BasedAbsorbers 140
5.2 ModelingofUltrafastFiberLasers 142
5.2.1 NumericalModelingofUltrashortFiberLasers 143
5.2.2 ClassificationofPulsedFiberLasers 146
5.2.3 SimplifiedModelingApproach 149
5.2.4 NumericalOptimizationofLaserSystems 154
5.3 ImplementationandControlofAdvancedComponents 157
5.3.1 SESAMEngineeringandControl 157
5.3.2 ExampleofDispersionManagementinMode-LockedFiberLasers
BasedonChirpedFiberBraggGratings 161
5.3.2.1 DispersionManagementUsingCFBGinaYtterbium-Doped
Mode-LockedFiberLaser 161
5.3.2.2 DispersionManagementUsingCFBGinaThulium/Holmium-Doped
Mode-LockedFiberLaser 163
VIII Contents
5.3.3 ExamplesofDispersionManagementinMode-LockedFiber
LasersBasedonPhotonicBandgapFibers 164
5.4 ConclusionsandFutureOutlook 168
References 169
6 TaperedFiberLasersandAmplifiers 177
ValeryFilippov,JuhoKerttula,andOlegG.Okhotnikov
6.1 Introduction 177
6.2 TheoreticalModelandExperimentalResults 178
6.2.1 RayOpticModelofanActiveTaperedFiber 178
6.2.2 ParametersofActiveTaperedFibersandTheirOptimization 183
6.2.2.1 TaperingRatio 184
6.2.2.2 LongitudinalShapeofT-DCFProfile 187
6.2.2.3 ShapeoftheCladding,Core–CladdingRatio,andDopant
ConcentrationProfile 191
6.2.3 ComparisonofLaserswithRegularandTaperedFibers:
TheoreticalModel 192
6.2.3.1 SlopeEfficiency,PumpAbsorption,andPowerDistribution 192
6.2.3.2 ContrastandBeamQuality 198
6.2.3.3 LaunchingEfficiency 203
6.2.4 Experiment 204
6.2.4.1 PumpLaunchingandAbsorption 205
6.2.4.2 PumpConversionEfficiency 206
6.2.4.3 Self-PulsingThreshold 207
6.2.4.4 Mode-CouplingMeasurements 210
6.2.4.5 BeamQuality 213
6.3 LasersandAmplifierswithActiveTaperedFibers 214
6.3.1 High-PowerFiberLaser 214
6.3.2 ActivelyQ-SwitchedTaperedFiberLaser 217
6.3.3 HighPower,HighGainCWAmplifier 222
6.3.4 NarrowBandwidthAmplifier 226
6.3.5 ShortPulseAmplifier 228
6.4 Summary 228
References 229
7 FiberLasersthatBridgetheShortwavetoMidwaveRegionsofthe
InfraredSpectrum 233
StuartD.JacksonandDavidG.Lancaster
7.1 Introduction 233
7.2 SurveyofthePowerandEfficiencyofLong-Wavelength
FiberLasers 235
7.3 ShortwaveInfraredFiberLasersEmployingSilicateGlass 237
7.3.1 Er3þ-DopedSilicateGlassFiberLasers 238
7.3.2 Tm3þ-DopedSilicateGlassFiberLasers 239
7.3.3 Ho3þ-DopedSilicateGlassFiberLasers 242
Contents IX
7.4 InfraredFiberFabrication 243
7.5 ShortwaveandMidwaveInfraredFiberLasersEmploying
FluorideGlass 245
7.5.1 ShortwaveInfraredFiberLasersEmployingFluorideGlass 246
7.5.2 Er3þ-DopedFluorideGlassFiberLasers 247
7.5.3 Ho3þ-DopedFluorideGlassFiberLasers 250
7.5.4 Dy3þ-DopedFluorideGlassFiberLasers 251
7.6 ExoticGlassesforFiberLasers 252
7.6.1 ChalcogenideFiberLasers:NotThereYet 254
7.6.2 GermanateFiberLasers 255
7.6.3 TelluriteFiberLasers 257
7.7 Conclusions 259
References 260
8 Outlook 269
OlegG.Okhotnikov
Index 271
XI
Preface
Thisbookisacontemporaryoverviewofselectedtopicsinfiberlasers.Therecent
andswiftdevelopmentofthesesystemstriggeredthewritingandpublicationofthis
text. Thebook offers thereader a wide and critical overview of the state-of-the-art
within this practical – as well as important and interesting – field of quantum
electronics.
Iamextremelysatisfiedwiththeresultachievedthroughthecollectiveeffortsof
thewonderfulteamofauthors,whohavegatheredandsharedtheirknowledgeto
make this project possible. The authors are leading-edge scientists in the field of
fiber lasers. Accomplishing what we have was no easy task since writing such an
extensiveworkisverytime-consuming,makingtheoutcomeofthiseffortevenmore
valuable.
Iam firmly aware that thepresent edition does not address all the branches of
fibertechnology.However,thechapterspresentedtoyouinthisbookofferaninsight
intothemostinterestinganddevelopedaspectsinthefield;suchismyopinion.
We still expect new opinions and reviews, as well as other books dedicated to
fiber laser technology. This, however, does not diminish the worth of this parti-
cularbookasadocumentthatreflectsandfixesthecurrentsituationwithinthis
importantfield.
I wish to thank all the contributors for their enthusiasm and effort. A special
thank you goes to the staff of Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH for their patience and
practicalguidance.
December2011 OlegG.Okhotnikov
Tampere
