Table Of ContentFiber Bragg Grating
Sensors
Development and Applications
Fiber Bragg Grating
Sensors
Development and Applications
Authored by
Hisham K. Hisham
Taylor & Francis Group
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Contents Contents
Dedication
To my parents,
To my beloved wife and my children.
Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgment ...................................................................................................xiii
Author ......................................................................................................................xv
Chapter 1 General Introduction ............................................................................1
1.1 Fiber Bragg Gratings .................................................................1
1.2 Fundamentals of Bragg Gratings...............................................2
1.2.1 Physical Descriptions ...................................................2
1.2.2 Photosensitivity ............................................................3
1.3 Types of Fiber Bragg Gratings ..................................................3
1.3.1 Common Bragg Reflector .............................................3
1.3.2 Chirped Bragg Grating.................................................4
1.3.3 Tilted Bragg Grating ....................................................5
1.4 Fabrication of Fiber Bragg Grating ...........................................5
1.4.1 The Bulk Interferometer ...............................................6
1.4.2 The Phase Mask ...........................................................7
1.4.3 Chirped Fiber Bragg Gratings ......................................8
1.4.4 Slanted Grating...........................................................11
1.5 Summary .................................................................................11
References ..........................................................................................11
Chapter 2 Polymer Fiber Bragg Gratings ...........................................................15
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................15
2.2 Properties of Polymer Optical Fiber ........................................16
2.3 Photosensitivity in Polymer Optical Fiber ...............................16
2.4 Bragg Gratings in Polymer Fibers ...........................................17
2.5 Tuning Characteristics of Fiber Bragg Gratings .....................18
2.5.1 Photosensitivity in Optical Fiber ................................18
2.6 Mode Theory for Optical Fibers..............................................20
2.7 Fiber Modes .............................................................................22
2.7.1 Optical Fiber Parameters ............................................22
2.7.1.1 Numerical Aperture (NA)...........................22
2.7.1.2 V Number ...................................................23
2.7.1.3 Cutoff Wavelength ......................................23
2.8 Coupled-Mode Theory for Bragg Gratings .............................23
2.9 Modeling of Fiber Bragg Gratings ..........................................25
2.10 Summary .................................................................................26
References ..........................................................................................26
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 3 Properties of Fiber Bragg Gratings ...................................................29
3.1 Reflectivity of Grating Fiber ...................................................29
3.2 Bandwidth Characteristics .......................................................33
3.3 Delay and Dispersion Characteristics......................................34
3.4 Temperature Effect ..................................................................40
3.5 Summary .................................................................................45
References ..........................................................................................46
Chapter 4 Sensor Mechanisms in Fiber Bragg Gratings ....................................47
4.1 Simulation Methods of Fiber Bragg Gratings .........................47
4.1.1 Direct Numerical Integration .....................................47
4.1.2 Transfer Matrix Method .............................................47
4.1.3 Discretized Grating Method .......................................48
4.2 Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor .....................................................49
4.2.1 Temperature Sensitivity ..............................................51
4.2.2 Strain Sensitivity ........................................................52
4.3 Temperature Dependence of the Strain Sensitivity .................54
4.4 Summary .................................................................................57
References ..........................................................................................57
Chapter 5 Fiber Optic Sensors for Oil and Gas Applications .............................59
5.1 Introduction .............................................................................59
5.2 Downhole Monitoring ............................................................60
5.2.1 Reservoir Pressure and Temperature Monitoring ......60
5.2.2 Flow Monitoring.........................................................61
5.2.3 Seismic Monitoring ....................................................61
5.2.4 Pipeline Monitoring ...................................................62
5.2.5 Power Cable and Transformer Monitoring .................63
5.2.6 Status Monitoring of Water Mains .............................63
5.3 Fiber Optics Sensors for Detection Applications ....................64
5.3.1 Leak Detection ...........................................................64
5.3.2 Ground Movement Detection .....................................64
5.3.3 Fire Detection .............................................................65
5.3.4 Pig Position Detection ...............................................65
5.4 Gas Network Monitoring .........................................................65
5.5 Summary .................................................................................66
References ..........................................................................................66
Chapter 6 Fiber Optic Sensors for Civil Applications ........................................69
6.1 Introduction .............................................................................69
6.2 Typical Fiber Optic Sensors in Civil Fields .............................69
6.2.1 Crack Sensors .............................................................69
6.2.2 Strain Sensors .............................................................70
Contents ix
6.2.3 Corrosion Sensors ......................................................71
6.3 Civil Engineering Applications of the Fiber Optic Sensors ......73
6.3.1 Highway Structures ....................................................73
6.3.1.1 Bridges ........................................................73
6.3.1.2 Dams ...........................................................75
6.3.2 Buildings ....................................................................75
6.3.3 Geotechnical Structures .............................................76
6.3.4 Historical Buildings ...................................................76
6.3.5 Pavements ...................................................................77
6.3.6 Tunnels .......................................................................78
6.3.7 Embankments and Slopes ..........................................79
6.3.8 Other Applications .....................................................79
References ..........................................................................................81
Chapter 7 Fiber Optic Sensors for Biomedical Applications ..............................85
7.1 Introduction .............................................................................85
7.2 Biomedical Sensors .................................................................85
7.3 Biomedical Applications .........................................................86
7.3.1 Glucose Sensor ...........................................................86
7.3.2 Laminate Cure Analysis .............................................86
7.3.3 Protein Analysis .........................................................87
7.3.4 Dosage Form Analysis ...............................................87
7.3.5 Drug Identification .....................................................87
7.3.6 Determination of DNA Oligomers .............................87
7.3.7 Pesticide Detection .....................................................87
7.3.8 Effluent Monitoring ....................................................88
7.3.9 Other Applications .....................................................88
7.4 Summary .................................................................................88
References ..........................................................................................89
Chapter 8 Fiber Optic Sensors for Military Applications ...................................91
8.1 Introduction .............................................................................91
8.2 Fiber Optics for Military Applications ....................................91
8.3 Some Fiber Optics Sensors’ Military Applications .................92
8.3.1 Communications ........................................................92
8.3.2 Weapon Systems .........................................................93
8.3.3 Surveillance/Sensors ..................................................94
8.3.4 Aboard Vehicles .........................................................95
8.4 Summary .................................................................................96
References ..........................................................................................97
Chapter 9 Fiber Optic Sensors for Harsh Environment Applications .................99
9.1 Introduction .............................................................................99
9.2 Grating Types for Harsh Environmental Sensing ...................99
