Table Of ContentTransactionsofthe Royal SocietycfS. Aust. (1993), U7(2>, 97-104.
FEMALES AND 1MMATCJRES OF THE AUSTRALIAN CADDISFLY HYALOPSYCHE
DISJVNCTA NEBOISS (TR1CHOPTERA), AND A NEW FAMILY PLACEMENT
by A. WELLS* & D. CAKTWRIGirrt
Summary
Welis, A &CurrwKicwr, D. (1993) Femalesand immature*ofthe Australian caddisfty Hyalopsyche(Usjuncm
Neboi8* fTrichopterai. and a new family placement, Trans. /?. Sac. S. Aast. 117(2), 97-104, 4 June. 1993.
The female,larvaand pupaorthenortheastern AustralianHyalopsychedixjuncta Neboist;, 1980, an: figured
anddescribedforthe firsttime. ComparisonsbetweenHyabspxyehedisjwuuiandseveralNorthAmericanspecies
of'PIvAocentropusBanks. 1907(Family Dipwudojuidae Ulmer, 1904), showthatboth generashareapornorphouK
lar»al features. TransferralofHyalopsyche Ulmer, 1904, from the family HyolopsychidaeLestage, 1925, to the
fondly Dipseudopsidae and supression of Hyalopsychidac are proposed.
Key Words: Tricnoptera> Dipseudopsidae, Hyalopsyche, larvae, pupae, females.
Introduction numerous adults of both sexesw and just prior to
departure, made(heexciting findofseveral larvaeand
The history ofunstable taxonomy ofthe group of
pupae Female and larva] and pupal features of this
polycentropodid-like caddisfly genera including
speciesareheredescribedandillustrated,andthelarval
DipseudopsisWalker, 1832,Pratodipseudcpsis Uliner, niche is described. For comparisons, some larval
1904, Phylocentropus Banks, 1907, and Hyalopsych&e feaiuiesofPhylucemwptissrx, andthefemalegenitalia
Ulmer, 1904, is discussed in detail by Weaver andheadshowingthetentoriumoftheNorth American
MaJicky(in ms). Theseauthorspresentstrongsupport P. iucidus (Hagen) axe also figured.
forthefamilial statusofDipseudopsidae, includingthe Confirmation of sharing of the specialised larval
firstthreeoftheabove-mentionedgenera„ andpossibly niche and other synapomorphous larval character
MalMsopHlyaacleodpsbyychSec,hmaindA(f1r9i8c0a)n-wOirtihenPthayllogceennutsr,opwuhsicihn Pshtaytleose,entfrivrpmulsy—sHuypaploorptssychteh,eanmdowneopphryesleynt aonf
the family Hyalopsychidae. Convincing evident* for
hypothesisfortbederivationofdiespecialisedfemale
themonophylyofDipseudopsidaeUlmer, 1904, sensu
Weaver & Malicfcy. derives from a consideration of gWeenitaarlgiaueoftHhaytalHoypaslyocphseyfcrhoemsthhoousledofbePhyplloacceendtrionputsh.e
features ofthe female abdomens and larvae. family Dipseudopsidaesensa Weaver & Malieky (in
Although reference has been made in the past to ms), andthenameHyalopsychidaeis here supressed,
femalesofHyalopsyche(Ulmer(1915) identified three Ross (1965) and Ross & Gibb*(1973) discussed the
NewGuineanfemalespecimensas H, rivalis<Be*teu, phylogenetic relationships of Dipseudopsinae (in the
1909)). no descriptions offemales are available, and Psychomyiidae and subsequently to the
until now no larvae have been associated. Rolycentropodidae), but with more data available,
A single Australian species of Hyalopsyche, ft phylogeneticanalysesofhighertaxaofTrichopteranow
disjunda Neboiss, was described by Nebnws (1980) an progress (Weaver & Frazer pers. coram.) sliould
from two adult males from northern Queensland, provide a more definitive assessment of the
Repeatedeffortstocollectmorespecimens, including
relationship* of thi* family.
larvae, failed; H. disjunda appeared to be rare.
Recently, however, duringan intensivecollectingtrip Materials and Methods
oftwoweek'sduration in the.fardine River areaoftar
northern CapeYork (aspart oftheRoyal Geographic Adult Hyalopsychedkjuncw were taken mainly at
Society of Queensland's uWet Season" Cape York I2vor 8v blackorUV lights; adults and larvaewere
PeninsulaScientific Expedition), dieauthors collected collected intoand stored in70% ethanol. Comparative
materialoftheNorth AmericanPhylocentropustucidus
(adults) was provided by Dr J.S. Weaver, and adults
ofP.pktcidusandOipseudopsisindieusandlarvaeof
NorthernTerritoryMuseumofArtsandSciences, POBox Phylocentropus sp were provided on loan by DrJ.
4646, Darwin, N.T: 0801. Present address: Australian Morse.
Biologic*! ResourcesSrudy,GPOB°xWG>Cafthetra, ACT Specimens werepreparedforstudy by treuimen* in
2601.
Biology laboratory,Wem'beeTreatmentComplex, Private caustic potash, or using a bcto-phenol preparation.
Bag ta Werribee,' Victoria 3030, Drawingswere madeusingcamera lucidas on aWild
98 A. WELLS & D. CARTWRIGHT
Figs 1-3. HyalopsychedisjunctaNeboiss, female: I,dorsalheadshowingtentorium;2, mesothorax,dorsalview;3,genitalia,
lateral view.
Figs4-6.Phylocentwpuslucidus(Hagen),female; 4,dorsalheadshowingtentorium; 5, mesolhorax,dorsalview;6,genitalia,
lateral view.
Scale bars = 1 mm, unless otherwise indicated.
.
FEMALRS ANO iMMATCRBS OF THE AUSTRALIAN CADDISFLY 9*
M5dissectingmicroscopeandaWild M20compound brown, dorsal margin ofprothoraxandstrengthening
microscope. ridgesofthoracicpleunjblack* restofbodypale. Body
Material b deposited in the following institutions: length60-14.8mm. headcapsulewidth(160-088 mm.
Australian National Insect Collection. Canberra Head round indorsal view (Fig. 12); fronro-clypeus
(AN1C); Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, (IWV); sub-rriangular, extendingtoposteriorofheadcapsule,
Northern Territory Museum of Ans arjd Sciences, anterior margin rounded, tentorial pits situated
Darwin, (NTM); and Queensland Museum, Brubane, posteriorly; labium broadly rounded with few setae,
(QM). Anterior margin finely divided. Mandibles <Frg. 16)
s:out. dissimilar, each with differing numbers of
Systematica denticlesapicallyandon innerdistal margin,andwith
adense pcruciUus medially on inner margin, antero-
fyttiapwhf ditjuncta Ncboiss, 1980 lateralmargiascrenulate; righi mandiblerugoseantero-
FIGS 1-3, 7-13, 16, 18 21 dorsally. On ventral head (Fig. 13), anterior ventral
HHoylaolioyppseycnhweleS.sjNunaQaueeNnebsoliasnsd,, W2H9iOv*.l93?597,-36N1M;VF.igs 1-8. aspuobtwoemnciu(mgulrao)unsdhoerdt,anftoerrimoirnlgy,apnaiirseodscseelteasetsriitaunagtleed;
Materialexamined:N. Queensland: I Cf Ua 50'S subapically; maxillary palps relatively slender, lobus
142° 30'E. Bertie Creek, at Telegraph tCrossing, iiwernusbroad,obliquelytnmcate indorsal view, and
5.li.l992t D. Cartwrigbi<mdA- Wells, NTM; 2 V OP, bearinga brush ofhair apically: labium modified to
2 9 9, 11° 50'S W2° 30'E. Dulhunty River, «l form a slender, elongate spinneret, about *A as long
Telegraph.Crossing,8-9.ti.1992*I> CartwoghtandA_ as head capsule, labial palpi absent.
WellS NMV; 2 acr. 1 9. IT 39'S 142° 28'E, Prothnrax only with sclerotiscd tcrgjte. Fore
McDonnell-Cockatoo Creek. jnT l«.ii.l992> D, trochantin fused to pleuroa (Fig. IS). Mesosternum
Cartwrightand A. Ufells, NTM; D cro\ 5 9 0, 31° (Fig. %) with a pair at elongate scleritesposteriorly.
44 S 142° 29'E> Gunshot Creek, at Telegraph Legs(Figs 1&. 19) short flattened, tarai withdense
Ciosving, I7.ii.l°92. Q Cartwrighl andA. Wells,QM. fringes of setae, claw on fore limb strongly curved.
11 Ofcr, 8 9 9- sameloc. andcollectors, t4-tS.iU992. Fore tarsus Mith an adpressed row ofmodified setae
QM; 3 crcr, 15 9 9, same loc and collectors* on the mesial margin.
IIU9.ii.1992, NMV; 21 o'er. 4 9 9, *ame loc.. Abdomenelongate,witha lateral fringeoffinesetae,
4-5.io.1992, M. Grassland, ANIC: 31 cror, 19 9 9, wiihoutgrlis. but with a group ofanal papillae (Fig.
same loc and collector. 10-U.iv.i992, NMV; I pupa, 7); anal prolegs elongate, with cluster of long setae
same loc, D. Cartwright and A Wells, !8.iv1992, anteriortotheslenderstronglycurvedanalclaw (Fig.
NTM; 2 larvae, same loc and collectors, NTM; 7 20).
larvae U reared to aduk 9>. 1 pupa, same Joe. and Pupa (Figs9-lL 21). Length 7.5-1(13mm Labrurn
collectors, 19.ii.1992. CFig. 9) short, with a small marginal papilla apJco-
Neboiss(1980) illustratesthegeneral body features tnesally. Mandibles(Fig. 10), simple, slender,curved
ofmaleHyatopvjchedvijancm andgivesanteriorwing Hookplates (Fig. 21)with 3-5denticles,onabdominal
,
lengthas6mm, butinoursamplesmaleanterior wing segmentsHl-Vin. posterior placeson segment Vonly,
length rangesfrom4.3-6.2mm. Femalesconformwith developedintohand-likeprocesses, fbsteriorabdomen
malesingeneral features, includingreduced maxillary (Fig, 10 divided into two simple setose lobes.
palpi and warts on the lucsothofa* (Fig. 2). bat are Biology. Larvae and pupae were extracted from
considerably larger. An addition;*] feature, the fragmentedsilkentubes. Theexactarchitectureofthe
tentorium, is figured (Fig. l>: its anus arc well larval dwelling isunknown, butthebranchedportions
developed. v>llh inner lateral flanges posteriorly, and oftubes appear to have all the features ofthe tubes
lhe posterior bridge complete ofPhyhcentropus piacidus (see Wallace el at 1976)
ftmale(Figs 1-3). Actetroi wuiglength6.0-8JQmm. and P. carohnus Carpenter (see Wiggins 1977, Fig,
Genitalia in the tbrm of a slender, elongate, noa- 15 4D). (Such features are also shared by
retntctjlc ovipositor (Fig. 3). Sternne VIU not Pnotodipsettdopsis sp. (un-named) as illustrated hy
subdivided. external gonopodotsegmenl VJJ1 Uender, Gibbo (1968, Fig, 3)). The architecture of the
tapered, reaching almost In tip of segment EX. Hyafopsyrhe disjuncta dwelling is probably ainulaj
ft&teriorlysegmentXisdividedm formapairofdistal a blunt-ended vertical branch with a small opening
lobes,each withapicalcercusandonepapilUip^TlinHy projected into the flow, a series of connected cross
fusedon inner margin, thesecondprojectingveoually tunnels, and a dilated net chamber.
from the outer margin at about the level ofdivision Habitat. Larval tubes were collected fronta small
of segment X. streamwitharatherunstable base ofcoarse sand The
.
Larva (mature* (Figs 7, 8. 12. 13, 16\ 38-20|. dwelling tunes were found attached to logs amongst
Cainpodeiforui, slender, elongate, (Fig. 7). Head, deeply packed sand aod litter, usually in situations
pronotum, limbsand anal clawsbrown-yelloworpale wherethelitter, trappedagainstlogsembedded inthe
100 A. WELLS & D. CAKTWRIGHT
Figs 7-8. Hyalopsyche disjuncta Neboiss, larva: 7, whole animal, lateral view; 8, mesosternum.
FSicgasle9-b1aLrsHy=al1opmsmy,cheundliessjsunoctthaerNweibsoeisisn,dipcautpead:.9y labrum; 10, mandibles; H, posterior abdomen,
FEMALES AND 1MMATURES OF THE AUSTRALIAN CADDISFLY m
13
Figs 12, 13. Hyalopsyche disjuncta Neboiss, larval head, dorsal and ventral views.
Figs 14, 15. Phyhcentropws sp., larval head, dorsal and ventral views.
Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
102 A. WELLS & D. CARTWRIGHT
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20 N\
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&
fofc
21
V
ffrw
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Figs 16, 17. Hyatopsyche disjuncta Neboiss and Phylocentropus sp., larval mandibles,,dorsal view.
Figs 18-20. Hyalopsyche disjuncta Neboiss, larva. 18, foreleg and proleuron; 19, midleg; 20, anal proleg.
Fig. 21. Hyalopsyche disjuncta Neboiss, pupal hook plates, right side.
Scale bars =0.1 mm.
FEMALES AND IMMATURES OFTHE AUSTRALIAN CADD1SFI.V m
sand, was tegitining in decompose. Collections nf in the wing*; as well asothermoremajor ones, such
adults were obtained atlights beside small and larger as shape of head, position of antennae, reduction of
streams; the smaller streams generally were almost maxillarypalpiand formofgenitalia Thesedifferences
completely shaded by thecanopies ofriparian <rees. probablyrepresentairtapomorphies Forrheparticular
the larger breams were open. genera. ThewingsofHyaloprychecanbederivedfrom
those o( Phyfottntropui. which closely resemble
polycentropodid wings, simply by loss of several
Discussion
cmssveins; thoseofPhylecenmypus probably represent
Coanparwws of features of larval Hyatcpsyche the pleMomorphous form. Similarities such as form
disjunaa with those of Phylocentmpus pinddtm, R nf the tentorium (Figs I, 4) are probably also
taddusandP. cumtinus(fromRoss &Gibbs KT73 Fig. plesiomorphous,
2; Wiggins 1977 Fig. 15.4D, and this work. Figs Superficially, the female genitalia ofHyaJopsycht
ty,
15) reveal extraordinarily close similarities between disjancta(Fig. 3)appeartobestrikinglydifferentfrom
species in the two genera, In derived or specialised those ofPhyloceniropusplacidw; fFig, 6} Yet upon
feature*, In general form the heads are simitar close examination, similarities are apparent,
(compareforexampleFigs 12. J3andPhyhcauropus particularly inthecerciandpapillae. Derivationofthe
sp., Pigs 14. 15): mandibles nfall species ate stout, tfyatopsycheformfromthatnfPhytnceiurvpusrequites
with rugose sculpturing dorsally, albeit on only the only simple elongation of the arrangement seen in
right mandibleinH. dUjuncta; ventral sclentesdiffer Hiylocentropus, probably adapting Hyahpsyche
slightly, with thesubmenhunofH. disjuAckerounded females for oviposition into sand or crevices,
rather than subquadrate; the tabus imtrnus of the Investigation of the female of Dipseudopsis indfca
maxillary palp orH. disjtwcui is broad and apioally McLachlanduringthisstudy, indicatedthatcmthebasis
truncate rather than tapered and rounded; labia are offemalegenitaliaand wingform, Pirytocensropttsand
modified to form virtually identical slender, elongate Hyalopsycht are closer than Dipscadapsis-
spinnerets Thoracic features, too, show close Hyoicpsyche.
resemblanceandthehighlyspecialised legsdifferonly Association or females and larvae of a species in
in the exact shape ofthe specialised setae adpresscd Hyaiopsydxe has helped to stabilise the higher level
totheniesalmarginoftheforetarsi. H. disftwaalacks taxonomy of this genus, placing rt in the femUy
gillsbutconformswithPkyfocesttropusspecies in fbrtn Dipseudopstdae.Onthebasisofstudies reportedheTe
of anal ptolegs and their claws. The larval niches and examination of the literature, we suggest that
appear to be identical. Hyaiopsyche and Phylocewropas represent sisier
Pupae are relatively uninfomiative: mandibles of groups,
H. frawNifti resemblethose illustratedbyRoss(1944, Ross &. Gibbs (1973) suggested on the basu crt
Fig, 204)forRplacidta. Little information isavailable similarities between Phylo-crumpm and
on pupae of Rkyloccntropux. Polycentropodinae that Phyloccmropus iscloseridthe
Some of the above features occur in other caddis ancestral stock than other Dipseudopsinae
larvae. R>r example, specialised elongate spinnerets (=Dipseudopsidae| and, given itsoccurrence in the
are seen in larvae of some P&yebomyiidae and some Oligoccne Baltic ambers, they suggested t Eurasian
Bcuouudae, although in these familiesthespinnerets origintor tnesubfamily (=famUy). Wehavenot found
areproportionallyshorterthaninRkyloct'nJropasand evidence with which todispute this contention — the
Hvalopsyche. Simpleana]claws*Jsooccurelsewhere, singlenorth-easternAustralianspeciesin Hyalopsyefie
butareprobably plesiomorphous. Thehighlymodified, isundoubtedlyofOrientalorigin. Carefulphylogeoetic
flattenedlimbs,theformoithemandiblesandthelarval analyses in the future will elucidate intrafamilial
nicheare (bundonly in//yafryifycAe, PfjylocertJrofMis. relationships, but *l lastthefamily Dtpseudopsidae is
Pwtodfpseudopsis and Dipseudopsis. reunited.
The probability of men a suite nf resemblances
Aclitinwledgmcnts
evolving by convergence are slim. The simplest
hypothesis is thai these tasa arose from die same W& thank the Royal Geographical Society of
specialised ancestral stock. Queensland forprovidingtheopportunity and financial
Adult characters do not concur with those of the support for field work at °Heathlands** and the
larvae. Noclear synaponiorphies can be recognised, surroundingJardincRiver3rcaofCape YotK,and for
which islitex<eryreasonthatplacement ofthesegenera die generous help and assistance given to us by
has been confused forso long. Amongadult features membersoftheSocietyduringourstayat*Heathlandsr'
several smalldifferences ingeneral body featurescan D, Carrwrigbfs work wasundertakenwithbacking
beobservedbetween Hyakptycheand PHytocentropus, from his family, and A. Wells with backingfrom the
suchasthearrangementofsetaeonthemeta-*cutellum Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences,
(sec Figs2. 5) and die absenceof several crossvetns Darwin. We are grateful to both parties.
104 A. WELLS & D. CARTWRIGHT
DrJ,S. WfeaveroftheUniversityofNewHampshire, comparisons. Adults ofPhylocentropusplacidus and
USA, kindly provided material of Phylocentropus larvae ofPhylocentropus sp. were made available by
lucidusandDipseudopsisindicafromhiscollectionfor DrJ. Morse, onloanfromClemsonUniversity, USA.
References
Banks, N. (1907) Descriptions ofnew Trichoptera. Proa theDipseudopsinae (Trichoptera, Polycentropodidae)./.
Ent. Sot: mshington 8, 117-133. Georgia Em. Soc. 8, 312-16.
Betten, C. (1909)NotesontheTrichopterainthecollection Schmid, F. (1980) "LesInsectesetArachnides du Canada,
ofthe Indian Museum. Rec. Indian Mus. 3, 231-242. partie T. (Agriculture Canada). 296 pp.
Gibbs, D.G. (1968) The larva, dwelling-lube and feedingof Ulmer, G. (1904) Uber Westafrikanische Trichopteren.
a species of Protodipseudop.sis (Trichoptera: ZooL Anz. 28, 353-359.
Dipseudopsidae). Proc. Ent. Soc, London 43, 73-79. (1915)TrichopterendesOstens,besondersvonCeylon
Lestage,J.A. (1925) Notestrichopterologiques. VIII. Etude und Neu Guinea. Dtsck. Entomol. Z., 1915, 41-75.
dugroupepolycentropidienetcataloguesystematiquedes Walker, F. (1852) Catalogue of the specimens of
genres et especes decrits depuis 1907 dans Genera neuropterous insects in the collections of the British
Nebionsiescst,oruAm.. Bu(l1l9.80A)nn.FiSrosct. rEenctoomrodl.ofBeltgh.e} 6s5u:b9f3a-m1i2l0y. WaMlulsaeceu,m.J.PBt.., 1W,oo19d2alppl.,(WL.oRn.do,n)&. Staats, A.A. (1976)
Hyalopsychinae from Australia (Trichoptera: The larval dwelling-tube, capture net and food of
Fblycentropodidae). Arch,furHydrobiotogie90, 357-361. Phylocemropusplacidus(Trichoptera: ft>Iycentropodidae).
RosPhsy,locHe.nHtr.opu(s1(9T6r5i)choTptheera:ePvsoylcuhtoimoyniairdyae)h.iJs.toKraynsaosf WeAanvne.r,EnJt.oSm.,ol.HI.S,oc.&AMmaelriiccaky6,9,H.149(-I5n4.ms) The genus
Em. Soc. 38, 398-400. Dipseudopsis from Asia (Trichoptera: Dipseudopsidae).
(1944)TheCaddisFlies,orTrichoptera, ofIllinois. Wiggins, G.B. (1977) "Larvae of the North American
BulL Illinois Nat. Hist. Survey23, 1-326. Caddisfly Genera (Trichoptera)". (University ofToronto
&Gibbs, D.G. (1973)Thesubfamilyrelationshipsof Press: Toronto and Buffalo).
