Feline anesthesia and pain management

301 Pages·2018·139.93 MB·English

by  Robertson

FelineAnesthesiaandPainManagement

Feline Anesthesia and Pain Management
Edited by
Paulo Steagall
UniversitédeMontréal,Saint-Hyacinthe,Canada
Sheilah Robertson
LapofLoveVeterinaryHospice,Lutz,FL,UnitedStates
Polly Taylor
TaylorMonroe,LittleDownham,Ely,UnitedKingdom
Thiseditionfirstpublished2018
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Steagall,PauloV.M.,author.|Robertson,SheilahA.,author.|
Taylor,PollyM.,author.
Title:Felineanesthesiaandpainmanagement/byPauloV.M.Steagall,
SheilahA.Robertson,PollyTaylor.
Description:Hoboken,NJ:Wiley,2018.|Includesbibliographicalreferences
andindex.|
Identifiers:LCCN2017026911(print)|LCCN2017027877(ebook)|ISBN
9781119167846(pdf)|ISBN9781119167877(epub)|ISBN9781119167808(pbk.)
Subjects:|MESH:CatDiseases–drugtherapy|PainManagement–veterinary|
Anesthesia–veterinary
Classification:LCCSF985(ebook)|LCCSF985.S742018(print)|NLMSF985
|DDC636.8/089796–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017026911
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CoverdesignbyWiley
Setin10/12ptWarnockPro-RegularbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Dedication
PauloSteagall
TomymotherIlzawhohasalwayssupportedmy
dreams.TomypartnerincrimeBeatrizMonteiro
whoacceptedmetoridealonginthisjourney.To
myfatherwhotaughtmetheloveforcats.ToPolly
TaylorandSheilahRobertsonforbelieving.This
bookisforallcatsandforpeoplewhodedicate
theirlivestoprotectandhelpthem.Catsgaveme
areasontobecomeaveterinarian,andajobfor
therestofmylife.
SheilahRobertson
Tomyparentswhoalwaysbelievedineducation
andsupportingmycareerchoice.ToPauloSteagall
andPollyTaylorfortheirfriendship,unwavering
patience,anddedicationtodetailduringthe
writingandeditingprocess.Toallthecatsthat
haveownedmeandallmyfelinepatients,thank
youforeverythingyouhavetaughtme.
PollyTaylor
ThankstoLeslieHallandPeterLeeswhoeachin
theirownwayencouragedmeinthepursuitofall
thingsfeline–forcatsintheirownright,notas
“littledogs.”Toallcats,wonderfulcreatures,
especiallythosewhohaveownedmeoverthe
years,andparticularlytoJasper,thecurrent
incumbent,whotypedenthusiastically,if
unhelpfully,somevariationsonthetextherein.
AndmostofalltoPauloandSheilahformakingit
allhappen,andtomyfamilyfortheirextreme
patienceandwell-timedglassesofwine.
Wewouldliketothankallcollaboratorsfor
donatingtheirtimeandexpertiseforthisbook.

vii
Contents
Foreword xvii
Contributors xix
1 Handling,Restraint,andPreanestheticAssessment 1
GraemeDoodnaughtandPauloSteagall
Introduction 1
HandlingandRestraint 2
Scruffing 2
TheFearfulCat 3
BloodSampling 5
DrugAdministration 6
IVCatheterization 6
IntubationandAirwayManagement 7
PreanestheticAssessment 10
RiskFactors,Morbidity,andMortality 12
FurtherReading 14
2 Anatomy,Physiology,andPharmacology 17
BradleySimonandPauloSteagall
Introduction 17
CardiovascularSystem 17
Anatomy 17
CardiacElectricalConductivity 19
Physiology 21
Pharmacology 21
RespiratorySystem 22
Anatomy 22
Physiology 24
Pharmacology 25
NervousSystem 25
CentralNervousSystem(CNS)Anatomy 25
PeripheralNervousSystemAnatomy 26
ParasympatheticNervousSystem(PNS) 26
SympatheticNervousSystem(SNS) 27
viii Contents
Physiology 27
Pharmacology 27
UrinarySystem 27
Anatomy 27
RenalBloodFlowandAutoregulation 28
Physiology 28
Pharmacology 29
HepaticSystem 30
AnatomyandPhysiology 30
HepaticMetabolismandPharmacologyofAnesthetics,Analgesics,and
Sedatives 31
EndocrineSystem 31
GastrointestinalSystem 32
Anatomy 32
Physiology 32
Pharmacology 33
FurtherReading 33
3 SedationandPremedication 35
PauloSteagall
Introduction 35
DrugsusedforSedationinCats 36
Acepromazine 36
ClinicalUse 38
Contraindications 38
Benzodiazepines 39
ClinicalUse 40
DiazepamversusMidazolam 40
Contraindications 40
Agonistsofα -AdrenergicReceptors 40
2
ClinicalUse 41
Contraindications 42
Anticholinergics 43
ClinicalUse 43
Contraindications 44
Opioids 44
KetamineandAlfaxalone 45
Trazodone 45
OtherDrugs 45
FurtherReading 46
4 InjectableAnestheticsandInductionofAnesthesia 49
PauloSteagall
Introduction 49
GeneralConsiderationsforInductionofAnesthesia 50
DrugsusedforInductionofAnesthesia 51
Propofol 51
Contents ix
CommercialPreparations 51
Pharmacology 52
ClinicalUse 52
Contraindications 53
Alfaxalone 54
CommercialPreparations 54
Pharmacology 54
ClinicalUse 54
Contraindications 55
DissociativeAnesthetics(KetamineandTiletamine) 55
CommercialPreparations 56
Pharmacology 56
ClinicalUse 57
Contraindications 57
Barbiturates 57
CommercialPreparations 58
Pharmacology 58
ClinicalUse 58
Contraindications 59
Etomidate 59
CommercialPreparation 59
Pharmacology 59
ClinicalUse 59
Contraindications 60
FentanylplusMidazolam 60
InductionwithVolatileAnesthetics 60
TotalIntravenousAnesthesia(TIVA) 61
InfusionDevices 62
Injectable-onlyProtocols 62
FurtherReading 64
5 LocalAnestheticsandLoco-regionalTechniques 67
FrancescoStaffieriandPauloSteagall
Introduction 67
PhysicochemicalandPharmacodynamicPropertiesofLocalAnesthetics 68
AxonsandNerveFibers 69
Pharmacokinetics 70
FactorsInfluencingOnsetandDurationofAction 70
Metabolism 71
Adjuvants 71
LocalAnesthetics 71
Lidocaine 71
LidocainePatch 73
EutecticMixtureofLidocaineandPrilocaine 73
BupivacaineandLevobupivacaine 73
Ropivacaine 73
MixingLocalAnesthetics 74
x Contents
AdverseEffects 74
Neurotoxicity 74
SystemicToxicity 75
TreatmentofSystemicToxicity 76
OtherComplications 76
TechniquesforNerveLocation 77
LocalAnestheticTechniques 78
Head 78
InfraorbitalNerveBlock 78
MentalNerveBlock 79
InferiorAlveolar(Mandibular)NerveBlock 79
MaxillaryNerveBlock 80
PeribulbarandRetrobulbarBlocks 80
ThoracicLimbs 80
BrachialPlexus(usingENS) 80
Metacarpal/Metatarsal“Ring”Block 82
PelvicLimbs 82
LumbosacralEpidural 82
SacrococcygealEpidural 82
SciaticandFemoralNerveBlock
(usingtheENSTechnique) 83
OtherTechniques 84
IntratesticularBlock 84
IntraperitonealandIncisionalAnesthesia 84
Wound“Soaker”Catheters 84
FurtherReading 85
6 InhalationandBalancedAnesthesia 89
BrunoPypendop
VolatileAnesthetics 89
Halothane 90
Isoflurane 90
Sevoflurane 91
Desflurane 91
BalancedAnestheticTechniques 92
Opioids 93
IntravenousAdministration 93
EpiduralAdministration 94
TransdermalAdministration 95
Ketamine 95
NitrousOxide 96
Lidocaine 97
Dexmedetomidine 98
Gabapentin 98
BalancedAnesthesiaSummary 99
BreathingSystems 99
FurtherReading 103