Table Of ContentFederal Solutions to Ethnic
Problems
Exploring fi ve distinct models of federal arrangement, this book evaluates the
relative merits of each model as a mechanism for managing relations in ethnically
divided societies. Two broad approaches to this issue, accommodation and denial,
are identifi ed, and from this fi ve distinct models of federal arrangement are
derived. The models – ethnic, anti-ethnic, territorial, ethno-territorial, and federacy
– are defi ned and then located within their broader theoretical tradition.
Detailed case studies are used to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each
model and to highlight patterns in the success and failure rates of the universe of
post-1945 federal arrangements. From this it is clear that two forms of ethnically
defi ned federal arrangement – federacy and ethno-territorial federalism – are
associated with low failure rates, while ethnic federalism has experienced a far
higher rate of failure. The reasons for this are examined and the implications of
this for the design of federal systems in ethnically divided societies are assessed.
Federal Solutions to Ethnic Problems advances a new argument within the
fi eld of comparative politics, namely that certain forms of federal arrangement are
systematically more successful than others in ameliorating ethnically confl icted
societies. It is essential reading for students and scholars with an interest in politics
and the Middle East.
Liam D. Anderson is a Professor of Political Science at Wright State University
where he teaches classes in International Relations and Comparative Politics. He
has authored several books and numerous articles and book chapters dealing with
issues of federalism and constitutional design, particularly in the context of Iraq.
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Exeter Studies in Ethno Politics
Series Editor: Gareth Stansfi eld
University of Exeter, UK
Unrecognized States in the International System
Edited by Nina Caspersen and Gareth Stansfi eld
The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey
From Protest to Resistance
Cengiz Gunes
Memory and Confl ict in Lebanon
Remembering and Forgetting the Past
Craig Larkin
The Alevis in Turkey and Europe
Identity and Managing Territorial Diversity
Elise Massicard
Federal Solutions to Ethnic Problems
Accommodating Diversity
Liam Anderson
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Federal Solutions to Ethnic
Problems
Accommodating Diversity
Liam D. Anderson
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First published 2013
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa
business
© 2012 Liam D. Anderson
The right of Liam D. Anderson to be identifi ed as author of this work has
been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation
without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
ISBN: 978-0-415-78161-9 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-203-08202-7 (ebk)
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Saxon Graphics Ltd, Derby
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[Dedication]
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Contents
List of illustrations 0
Acknowledgements 0
Abbreviations 0
Introduction 1
1 Ethnic Federalism and the Consociational Tradition 00
2 In Defence of Ethnic Federalism 00
3 Anti-Ethnic Federalism and the Logic of Control 00
4 Territorial Federalism and the Logic of Centripetalis 000
5 Ethnoterritorial Federalism: A Compromise Model? 000
6 Autonomy and Federacy 000
7 Bringing it Together 000
Notes 000
Bibliography 000
Index 000
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Illustrations
Figures
1.1 Belgium’s language boundary 00
2.1 Vance-Owen map 00
2.2 Dayton Peace Accord map 00
3.1 New Orleans “Gerryduck” Congressional District 00
3.2 Mississippi Congressional Districts 1962 and 1966 00
3.3 Boundary changes to Utah 1861–8 00
3.4 The ethnic gerrymandering of Kirkuk 00
3.5 A society with reinforcing cleavages 00
3.6 A society with cross-cutting cleavages 00
4.1 Nigeria’s three-unit federation 00
4.2 Nigeria’s twelve-unit federation 00
4.3 Nigeria’s thirty-six-unit federation 00
4.4 Nigeria’s hypothetical ethnic federation 00
5.1 India’s federation 00
5.2 Spain’s Estados de las Autonomia 00
5.3 Canada’s federation 00
Tables
2.1 Results for 2010 election to the Bosnian House of
Representatives 00
2.2 Results of 2010 election to the Belgian Parliament 00
3.1 Comparison of Kurdish, Arab, and Turkmen populations in
Kirkuk censuses: 1957, 1977, and 1997 00
4.1 Population of Northern Region based on 1952 census 00
4:2 Population of Western Region based on 1952 census 00
4.3 Population of Eastern Region based on 1952 census 00
4.4 Ethnic and regional composition of Nigerian population: 1952–3 00
4.5 Results of the 1959 general election 00
4.6 Attitudes of Nigerians towards identity 2002–8 00
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x Illustrations
4.7 Nigeria as an ethnic federation: number and population of
suggested states 00
5.1 India: distribution of languages by state 00
6.1 Various lists of autonomous regions in the world 00
6.2 The fate of post-1945 federacies 00
7.1 Federal arrangements since 1945 00
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