Table Of ContentState Fauna Series, 17
FAUNA OF TAMIL NADU
(PART-2)
Edited by
The Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata
~
Zoological Survey of India
Kolkata
CITATION
Editor-Director, 2011. Fauna of Tamil Nadu, State Fauna Series, 17(Part-2) 1-418; 2011
(Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata)
Published : August, 2011
ISBN 978-81-8171-291-2
© Govt. ofI ndia, 2011
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STATE FAUNA SERIES
FAUNA OF TAMIL NADU
No. 17(2) 2011 1-418
CONTENTS
1. MARINE SPONGES ................................................................................................................. 1
J.G. Pattanayak
2. NEMATODES: TILENCHID ................................................................................................ 65
Debabrata Sen and A.K. Sanyal
3. NEMATODA: DORYIA.IMS .................................................................................................. 73
Viswa Venkat Gantait and A.K. Sanyal
4. TREMATODA ....................................................................................................... ···················77
Anindita Ghosh, Shuvajit Chakrabarti and A.K. Sanyal
5. POLYCHAETA: ANNELIDS .................................................................................................. 83
Santanu Mitra, R.K. Chakraborty and A. Misra
6. EARTHWORM ...................................................................................................................... 101
C.K. Mandai, S. Dhani and A. Mishra
7. BRACHYURAN CRABS (CRUSTACEA: DECAPODA : BRACHYURA) ........................... 109
M.K. Dev Roy and S. Bhadra
8. ARACHNIDA: SPIDER ....................................................................................................... 271
A.K. Sanyal and S. Talukdar
9. ARACHNIDA: ACARINA (MITES) .................................................................................... 275
A.K. Sanyal
10. ARACHNIDA: ACARINA (TICKS) .................................................................................... 289
A.K. Sanyal
11. MARINE AND ESTUARINE FISH ...................................................................................... 293
R.P. Barman, S.S. Mishra, S. Kar, P. Mukherjee and s.C. Saren
Zool. Surv. India
Fauna of Tamil Nadu, State Fauna Series, 17{Part-2) : 1-64, 2011
MARINE SPONGES
J.G.PATIANAYAK
Zoological Survey of India, 27, J. L. Nehru Road, Kolkata-700016
INTRODUCTION described 25 species, Ali (1956) described
8 species, Thomas (1968a) described 2 species,
The peninsular coastlines of the Indian
Thomas (1968b) described 2 species, Thomas
subcontinent provide a veritable habitat for a
(1968c) described 2 species, Thomas (1968d)
large number of sponges. The peninsular
described 2 species, Thomas (1968e) described
coastlines provide varied topographic
2 species, Thomas (1970) described 8 species,
conditions for the survival and reproduction of
Thomas (1970a) described 2 species, Thomas
the sponge species. A review of literature
(1970b) described 3 species, Thomas (1972)
indicates the taxonomic information of the
described 14 species, Thomas (1973a) described
sponges of peninsular Indian coastline.
one species, Thomas (1974) described one
Although initial studies of this fauna were species, Thomas (1975) described one species,
made over a century ago by "Bowerbank (1873b), Thomas (1976) described one species, Thomas
subsequent studies of Tamil Nadu and adjacent (1977) described one species, Thomas (1979)
Islands in the Gulf of Mannar consists the work described 16 species, Thomas (1979a) described
of Ali (1956), Annandale ( 1915 b), Burton (1928, one species, Thomas (19808) described one
1930, 1937), Burton and Rao (1932), Carter species, Thomas (1984) described one species,
(1880, 1881), Dendy (1887, 1889, 1905), Kumar
Thomas (1985) described 275 species, Thomas,
(1925), Pattanayak and Manna (2001), Rao
Ramadoss and Vincent (1993) described 5
(1941), Thomas (1968a, 1968b, 1968c, 1968d,
species of sponges from this region. Pattanayak
1968e, 1969, 1970, 1970a, 1970b, 1972, 1973a,
(1999) gave an Annotated checklist of marine
1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1979a, 1980a,
sponges of the Indian region which included
1984, 1985), Thomas, Ramadoss and Vincent
451 species. Pattanayak and Manna (2001)
(1993).
listed the species of sponges in India with their
Taxonomic studies on sponges of the Gulf of distribution and the authors who described
Mannar and Palk Bay are provided by the them.
authors as follows. Carter (1880) described 45
Pattanayak and Manna (2001) mentioned
species, Carter (1881) described one species,
323 species of sponges recorded from the region
Dendy (1887) described one species, Dendy
of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. This work
(1889) described 4 species, Dendy (1905)
describes 67 species, 39 genera, 23 families
described 106 species, Annandale (1915b)
from the coast of Tamil Nadu State present in
described two species, Kumar (192S) described
the recent and old collections of ZSI.
11 species, Burton (1928) described 2 species,
Burton (1930) described 10 species, Burton The higher classification of sponges and tht'
(1937) described 88 species, Burton and Rao Definitions upto the genus lavel are described
(1932) described 23 species, Rao (1941) here follows Hooper and Van Soest, 2002.
2 Fauna of Tamil Nadu, State Fauna Series, 17
MATERIAL AND METHOD Family TETILLIDAE Sollas, 1886
Genus Cinachyra Sollas, 1886
Material studied in this work consists of old
1. Cinachyra arabica (Carter, 1869)
and recently collected preserved museum
specimens of sponges deposited in the Genus Cinachyrella Wilson, 1925
Zoological Survey of India. Specimens were 2. Cinachyrella tarentina (Pulitzer-Finali,
collected during the period from 1884-1913 by
1983)
s.w.
Kemp from 1915 to 1930, Marine Survey
Genus Paratetilla Dendy, 1905
units and present scientists of Zoological Survey
3. Paratetilla bacca (Selenka, 1867)
of India. For some species due to non
availability of the other material, type specimens Order ASTROPHORIDA Sollas, 1888
were restudied and re-description of the same Family ANCORINIDAE Schmidt, 1870
is incorporated. Holotype is written as the same
Genus Ecionemia Bowerbank, 1864
is written in the original label.
4. Ecionemia acervus Bowerbank, 1864
For the study of the skeletal architecture two
Genus Rhabdastrella Thiele, 1903
microscopical sections were prepared from the
5. Rhabdastrella globostellata (Carter, 1883)
specimens preserved in 70% ethanol or dry
Genus Stelletta Schmidt, 1862
specimens. One section was of the surface to
obtain a tangential view of the ectosomal 6. Stelletta clavosa Ridley, 1884
skeleton and the other section was 7. Stelletta purpurea Ridley, 1884
perpendicular to the surface to examine the
Family GEODIIDAE Gray, 1867
choanosomal skeleton. The sections were dried
Genus Geodia Lamarck, 1815
and mounted in Canada balsam on a
8. Ceodia inconspicua (Bowerbank, 1873)
microscopical slide.
Order HADROMERIDA Topsent, 1894
For the study of different categories of
spicules fragments of both ectosomal and Family CLIONIDAE D'Orbigny, 1851
choanosomal regions were boiled directly on a Genus Cliona Grant, 1826
glass slide in concentrated nitric acid, mounted
9. Cliona ensifera Sollas, 1878
in Canada balsam and examined under light
10. Cliona lobata Hancock, 1849
microscope.
11. Cliona mucronata Sollas, 1878
For the study of spongin fibres thick hand
12. Cliona viridis (Schmidt, 1862)
cut sections were made perpendicular to the
Genus Cliothosa Topsent, 1905
surface, soaked in saturated solution of phenol
and xylene, nlounted either in water or in 13. Cliothosa quadrata (Hancock, 1849)
glycerine and studied under light microscope. Genus Pione Gray, 1867
While studying the spicules, measurements 14. Pione vastifica (Hancock, 1849)
were made with the aid of micrometer and are Genus Spheciospongia Marshall, 1892
given in mm. Figures were drawn with the aid
15. Spheciospongia inconstans (Dendy, 1887)
of a camera lucida, Photographs of the
Family SUBERITIDAE Schmidt, 1870
specimens are given in the plates.
Genus Suberites Nardo, 1833
LIST OF SPONGES 16. Suberites cal·nosus (Johnston, 1842)
Family TETHYIDAE Gray, 1848
Phylum PORIFERA Grant, 1836
Class DEMOSPONGIAE Sollas, 1885 Genus Tethya Lamarck, 1814
Subclass TETRACTINOMORPHA Levi, 1953 17. Tethya diploderma Schmidt, 1870
Order SPIROPHORIDA Bergquist and Genus Stellitethya Sara, 1994
Hogg, 1969 18. Stellitethya repens (Schmidt, 1870)
PATIANAYAK : Marine Sponges 3
Genus Xenospongia Gray, 1858 30. Echinodictyum longistylum Thomas, 1968
19. Xenospongia patelliformis Gray, 1858 Family RHABDEREMIIDAE Topsent, 1928
Order LITHISTIDA Schmidt, 1870 Genus Rhabderemia Topsent, 1890
Family THEONELLIDAE Lendenfeld, 1903 31. Rhabderemia acanthostyla Thomas, 1968
Genus Discodermia du Bocage, 1870 32. Rhabderemia indica Dendy, 1905
20. Discodermia papillata Carter, 1880 33· Rhabderemia prolifera Annandale, 1915
Genus Theonella Gray, 1868 Suborder MYXILLINA Hajdu, van Soest &
21. Theonella swinhoei Gray, 1868 Hooper, 1994
Family DESMANTHIDAE Topsent, 1893 Family COELOSPHAERIDAE Dendy, 1922
Genus Petromica Topsent, 1898 Genus Coelosphaera Thomson, 1873
Subgenus Petromica Subgenus Coelosphaera Thomson, 1873
22. Petromica (Petromica) massaIis Dendy, 34· Coelosphaera (Coelosphaera) encrusta
1905 (Kumar, 1925)
Subclass CERACTINOMORPHA Levi, 1953 Genus Lissodendory% Topsent, 1892
Order POECILOSCLERIDA Topsent, 1928 Subgenus Lissodendory% Topsent, 1892
Suborder MICROCIONINA Hajdu, van Soest 35· Lissodendoryx (Lissodendoryx)
& Hooper, 1994 balanophilus Annandale, 1913
Family MICROCIONIDAE Carter, 1875 36. Lissodendoryx (Lissodendoryx)
Subfamily MICROCIONINAE Carter, 1875 ternatensis Thiele, 1903
Genus Clath"a Schmidt, 1862 37· Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) lissostyla
Subgenus Microciona Bowerbank, 1862 (Thomas, 1970)
Family HYMEDESMIIDAE Topsent, 1928
23. Clathria (Microciona) atrasanguinea
(Bowerbank, 1862) Genus Hymedesmia Bowerbank, 1864
Subgenus Thalysias Duchassaing & 38. Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) mannarensis
Michelotti, 1864 Thomas, 1970
24. Clathria (Thalysias) vulpina (Lamarck, 39· Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) stylophora
1814) Thomas, 1970
25. Clathria (Thalysias) procera (Ridley, Family TEDANIIDAE Ridley & Dendy, 1886
1884)
Genus Tedania Gray, 1867
Subgenus Clath"a Schmidt, 1862 Subgenus Tedania Gray, 1867
26. Clathria (Clathria) indica Dendy, 1889
40. Tedania (Tedania) anhelans (Lieberkuhn,
Family RASPAIUIDAE Hentschel, 1923 1859)
Subfamily RASPAILIINIAE Nardo, 1833 Suborder MYCALINA Hajdu, van Soest &
Genus Endectyon Topsent, 1920 Hooper, 1994
Subgenus Hemectyon Topsent, 1920 Family DESMACELUDAE Ridley & Dendy,
1886
27. Endectyon (Endectyon) thurstoni (Dendy,
1887) Genus Biemna Gray, 1867
Genus Aulospongus Norman, 1878 41. Biemna tubulata (Dendy, 1905)
28. Aulospongus tubulatus (Bowerbank, 1873) Family MYCALIDAE Lundbeck, 1905
Subfamily ECHINODIC'IYlNAE Hooper & Genus Mllcale Gray, 1867
Van Soest, 2002 Subgenus Aegogropila
Genus Echinodictyum Ridley, 1881 42. Mycale (Aegogropila) crassissinlo (Dendy,
29. Echinodictyum clathratum Dendy, 1905 1905)
Fauna of Tamil Nadu, State Fauna Series, 17
4
Subgenus Mycale Gray, 1867 59. Haliclona (Haliclona) oculata (Pallas,
1766)
43. Mycale (Mycale) grandis Gray 1867
Subgenus Soestella De Weerdt, 2000
44. Mycale (Mycale) indica (Carter, 1887)
60. Haliclona (Soestella) implexa (Schmidt,
45. Mycale (Mycale) mannarensis Thomas,
1868)
1968
Subgenus Reniera Schmidt, 1862
46. Mycale (Mycale) monanchorata Burton &
Rao, 1932 61. Haliclona (Reniera) madrepora (Dendy,
Subgenus Carmia Gray, 1861 1889)
Genus Chalinula Schmidt, 1868
47. Mycale (Carmia) mytilorum Annandale,
1914 62. Chalinula camerata (Ridley, 1884)
Subgenus. . Paresperella Dendy, 1905 Family NPHATIDAE Van Soest, 1980
48. Mycale (Paresperella) bidentata (Dendy, Genus Gelliodes Ridley, 1884
1905) 63. Gelliodes carnosa (Dendy, 1889)
Order HALICHONDRIDA Gray, 1867
Suborder PETROSINA Boury-Esnault & Van
Family AXINELLIDAE Carter, 1875 Beveren, 1982
Genus Stylissa Hallmann, 1914 Family PHLOEODICTYIDAE Carter, 1882
49. Stylissa carteri (Dendy, 1889) Genus Aka de Laubenfels, 1936
Genus Axinella Schmidt, 1862 64. Aka diagnoxea Thomas, 1968
50. Axinella donnani (Bowerbank, 1873) 65. Aka minuta Thomas, 1973
51. Axinella tenuidigitata Dendy, 1905 Family PETROSIIDAE van Soest, 1980
Family HALICHONDRIIDAE Gray, 1867 Genus Xestospongia de Laubenfels, 1932
Genus Amorphinopsis Carter, 1886 66. Xestospongia testudinaria (Lamarck,
1815)
52. Amorphinopsis foetida (Dendy, 1889)
Order DICTYOCERATIDA Minchin, 1900
Genus Topsentia Berg, 1899
Family THORECTIDAE Bergquist, 1978
53. Topsentia halichondrioides (Dendy, 1905)
Subfamily PHYLLOSPONGIINAE Bergquist,
Order HAPLOSCLERIDA Topsent, 1928
Sorokin and Karuso, 1999
Suborder HAPLOSCLERINA Topsent, 1928
Genus CarteMospongia Hyatt, 1877
Family CALLYSPONGIIDAE de Laubenfels
67. Carteriospongia foliascens (Pallas, 1766)
Genus Callyspongia Duchassaing &
Michelotti, 1864
TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT OF SPONGES
54. Callyspongia cellaria fusca Rao, 1941
Phylum PORIFERA Grant, 1836
55. Callyspongia pa1nbanensis Rao, 1941
Class DEMOSPONGIAE Sollas, 1885
Subgenus Cladochalina Schmidt, 1870
Definition : Porifera with siliceous spicules
56. Cal/yspongia (Cladochalina) fibrosa
and/ or a fibrous skeleton, or occasionally
Ridley & Dendy, 1886
without a skeleton. Spicules are either
57. Callyspongia (Cladochalina) spinosissima
monaxonic (either monactine or diactine) or
(Dendy, 1905)
tetraxonic (tetractine), never triaxonic. The axial
58. Callyspongia (Cladochalina) diffusa filament is embedded in a triangular or
(Ridley, 1884) hexagonal cavity.
Family CHALINIDAE Gray, 1867
Subclass ETRACTINOMORPHA Levi, 1953
Genus Haliclona Grant, 1836
Definition Demospongiae with
Subgenus Haliclona Grant, 1836
parenchymella or blastula larvae,
