Table Of ContentGovernment of Karnalaka United N tlons Decade on Biodiversity
ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY
OF INOlA
1916
State Fauna Series, 21
FAUNA OF KARNATAKA
Edited by
The Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata
Zoological Survey of India
Kolkata
(ii)
CITATION
Editor-Director, 2013. Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21, 1-595. (Published by the
Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata)
Published September, 2013
ISBN 978-81-8171-332-2
© Govt. of India, 2013
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
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Printing of this Publication Supported by Karnataka Biodiversity Board
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Published at the Publication Division by the Director, Zoological Survey ofIndia, M-Block, New Alipore,
Kolkata-700 053 and printed at Calcutta Repro Graphics, Kolkata-700 006.
Dipak Sannah, Ph.: Off. :~23343770
I.F.S
Res. :~23640468
t'Je:a:li!f6' ~;:mL="', ~.!9.;El~. Fax: 080·23341484
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Pn ncipai Chief Conse<Va1.or of Forests
(Head of Fores4 Force) •A railya Bhayafl". 41h Floor
;::;~ i:t.l.,;~ ~d~ ~oo't~Q~C 18111 Cross, Malleshwaram
(;m;Jad.:. ~dqoo) GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA Bengaluru -560 003
D.O. No. : Date.'·~! £l,s-}J.o'3
FOREWORD
The State of Karnataka is a part of the highly biodiversity rich regions of India having five
major forest types each having its unique flora and associated fauna. The State has around
4500 species offlowering plants, 600 species of birds, 160 species of reptiles and 160 species
mammals and variety of other animal species. Karnataka government has declared around
16% of its total forest area under the Protected Area (PA) network. The State has taken
various steps in the direction of increasing the forest cover as well as to safeguard the associated
flora and fauna.
Similarly, Karnataka is one of the first States to have its own People's Biodiversity Registers
(PBRs) in some areas there by empowering the locals to have their voices heard in the State's
developmental activities without compromising the true value of local traditions, rural livelihood
mechanism and sustainable sharing of biodiversity. I am sure that the document prepared
jointly by the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) in collaboration with Karnataka State Biodiversity
Board, will greatly enhance the people's understanding of biodiversity with regard to some of
the lesser known groups of animals.
Though the locals, especially tribals have vast knowledge about the animal species with
which they share their daily life, their inability to translate such knowledge for wider use
among locals seemed as a great impediment till date. I hope that the ZSI document will reach
wider audience especially amongst scientists and policy makers at various Government
departments of the State in enhancing their understanding about the faunal diversity and their
importance in the ecosystem.
As expected by the Government of Karnataka, it is good to know that the institutions like
the ZSI and BSI have come up with documents highlighting the faunal as well as floral diversity
of the State of Karnataka. Our prime target is to organise inter and multidisciplinary institution
in inventorying the biodiversity and associated knowledge through periodic monitoring. Wildlife
Sanctuaries and National Parks of the State are the repository of the natural wealth and only
by means of dedicated inventory studies we can unravel the new forms of life existing in such
areas to the mankind.
I sincerely urge all school children and college students and teachers to get a copy of this
document to know more about various life forms of animals found within the territory of Karnataka
not only to increase the knowledge but to learn to live with such forms for the betterment of our
future generations.
I appreciate the Director and the scientists of the of ZSI for bringing out such an important
document revealing faunal biodiversity associated with various Protected Areas of the State of
Karnataka.
c;fk~t~~
(Dipak Sarmah)
(iv)
STATE FAUNA SERIES
FAUNA OF KARNATAKA
No. 21 2013 1-595
CONTENTS
1. AN OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................ 1
K. Ilango
2. SPONGES ....................................................................................................................................... 7
J. G. Pattanayak and Santanu Mitra
3. MOLLUSCA: FRESHWATER GASTROPODS ...................................................................... 21
V.R. Punithavelu and M.B. Raghunathan
4. ANNELIDA : EARTHWORM ................................................................................................... 33
C.K. Mandai, Santanu Mitra and S. Dhani
5. ANNELIDA: FRESHWATER OLIGOCHAETA ..................................................................... 39
T. Biswas and C.K. Mandai
6. ANNELIDA: LEECHES ............................................................................................................ 51
C.K. Mandai
7. CRUSTACEA: CLADOCERA .................................................................................................. 57
M.B. Raghunathan
8. CRUSTACEA: DECAPODA: CARIDEA ................................................................................. 63
RK. Valarmathi and M.B. Raghunathan
9. CRUSTACEA: DECAPODA : GECARCINUCIDAE ............................................................ 73
O.P. Srivastava
10. INSECTA : EPHEMEROPTERA ............................................................................................... 79
R.M. Sharma and Kailash Chandra
11. INSECTA : ODONATA ............................................................................................................... 81
K.G. Emiliyamma and K.A.Subramanian
12. INSECTA : PLECOPTERA ........................................................................................................ 85
R.M. Sharma and Kailash Chandra
13. INSECTA : ORTHOPTERA ....................................................................................................... 87
D. Prabakar and Kailash Chandra
14. INSECTA: ORTHOPTERA : ACRIDOIDEA .......................................................................... 97
S.K. Mandai, K. Yadav and S. Chakrabarty
(vi)
15. DERMAPTERA ......................................................................................................................... 123
Baiju Lal and V.D. Hedge
16. INSECTA: EMBIOPTERA ...................................................................................................... 125
R.M. Sharma and Kailash Chandra
17. INSECTA: MANTODEA ......................................................................................................... 127
R.M. Sharma and Kailash Chandra
18. INSECTA: HOMOPTERA : MEMBRACIDAE .................................................................... 129
G. Thirumalai and S. Prabakaran
19. INSECTA: HEMIPTERA (AQUATIC AND SEMI-AQUATIC) .......................................... 133
G. Thirumalai
20. INSECTA: NEUROPTERA ..................................................................................................... 163
R.M. Sharma and Kailash Chandra
21. INSECTA: COLEOPTERA : TENEBRIONIDAE .................................................................. 167
V. D. Hedge
22. INSECTA :COLEOPTERA : SCARABAEIDAE : SCARABAEINAE DUNG BEETLES .......................... 173
Seena Narayanan Karimbumkara and Priyadarsanan Dharma Rajan
23. INSECTA: DIPTERA : CECIDOMYIIDAE .......................................................................... 179
R.M. Sharma
24. INSECTA : DIPTERA : TABANIDAE ................................................................................... 183
R.M. Sharma
25. INSECTA : DIPTERA : PSYCHODIDAE (MOTH FLIES AND SAND FLIES) .............. 185
K. Ilango
26. INSECTA: DIPTERA: BOMBYLIIDAE ................................................................................. 187
Bulganin Mitra and R.M.sharma
27. INSECTA: DIPTERA : CALLIPHORIDAE .......................................................................... 191
R.M. Sharma and Bulganin Mitra
28. INSECTA : DIPTERA : SARCOPHAGIDAE ........................................................................ 193
R.M. Sharma and Bulganin Mitra
29. INSECTA: SIPHONAPTERA ................................................................................................. 195
R.M. Sharma and Kailash Chandra
30. INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA: RHOPALOCERA .................................................................... 197
Muhamed Jafer Palot and C. Radhakrishnan
31. INSECTA: TRICHOPTERA .................................................................................................... 207
R.M. Sharma and Kailash Chandra
32. INSECTA : HYMENOPTERA : CHALCIDOIDEA : PTEROMALIDAE .......................... 211
P.M. Sureshan
33. INSECTA : HYMENOPTERA : PLATYGASTROIDEA ...................................................... 219
RAJMOHANA. K
(vii)
34. CENTIPEDES (CHILOPODA : SCOLOPENDROMORPHA) ............................................ 225
Vinod Khanna
35. SCORPIONida ............................................................................................................................ 233
T.J.lndra
36. FRESHWATER FISHES ............................................................................................................ 239
K. Rema Devi, T.J. Indra, B.E. Yadav, M.B. Raghunathan, S. Krishan and S.S. Jadav
37. MARINE AND ESTUARINE FISH ........................................................................................ 277
R.P. Barman, S.S. Mishra, A, S. Kar and S.C. Saren
38. AMPHIBIA ................................................................................................................................ 389
Dinesh, K.P., C. Radhakrishnan, Sukumar Ray, P.G.S. Sethy and G.K. Bhatta
39. REPTILES .................................................................................................................................. 435
R. Aengals and M. S. Pradhan
40. AVES ........................................................................................................................................... 467
G. Thirumalai, R. Aengal, S. Krishnan & D. Prabakar
41. MAMMALIA ............................................................................................................................ 495'
M.S. Pradhan and S.S. Talmale
Zoo I. Surv. India
Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 1-6, 2013
AN OVERVIEW
K.ILANGO
Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, #130 Santhoome High Road, Chennai- 600 028
[email protected] <mailto: [email protected]>
PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES rainfall with an average rainfall of about 3,638.5
mm (143 in) per annum, far in excess of the state
The state ofKarnatakacovers an areaofl ,91 ,976
average of 1,139 mm (45 in). Agumbe in the
square kilometers (74,122 sq mi) which is 5.83% of
Shivamogga district receives the second highest
the total geographical area ofIndia and lies between
annual rainfall in India. The highest recorded
latitude 11°32' 40.99' N to 18°20' 36°56' N,longitude
temperature is 45.6°C (114°F) at Raichur and the
74°04' 23°08' E to 78°35' 10°96 E. The Karnataka
lowest recorded temperature is 2.8°C (37°F) at
state comprises 30 districts that are bordered by the
Bidar. There are seven river systems in Karnataka
Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest,
with their tributaries, drain the state and flow eastern
Maharashtra to the north, Andhra Pradesh to the
and western sides. The east flowing rivers are
east, Tamil N adu to the southeast, and Kerala to the
Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery, North Pennar, South
southwest. It is the eighth largest Indian state by
Pennar, Palar. The water-grid of the state is mainly
area and the ninth largest by its population. The
composed of 2 major rivers, Krishna and its
state is divided meteorologically into three zones
tributaries in the north, and the Cauvery and its
coastal, north interior and south interior but is
tributaries in the south. The principal tributaries of
physio-graphically divided into 3 regions namely,
Krishna are Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Bhima,
(i) the coastal region of Karavali, (ii) the hilly
Vedavati and Tungabhadra, while the Cauvery are
Malenadu region comprising the Western Ghats,
the Harangi, the Hemavathy, the Lakshmanathirtha,
(iii) the northern Bayaluseeme region comprising
the Kabini, the Shimsha, the Arkavathi and the
the plains of the Deccan plateau which constitutes
Suvarnavathy. All these rivers except the Kabini
greater part of the state and the second-largest arid
River, Arkavathy River and Suvarnavathy River
region in India. The highest point in Karnataka is
originate and downstream into Karnataka. The river
the Mullayanagiri hills in Chickmagalur district
Cauvery is an Inter-State river in Southern India. It
which has an altitude of 1,929 m.
is one of the major rivers of the Peninsular India
flowing east and running into the Bay of Bengal.
RAINFALL AND RIVERINE SYSTEMS
The Cauvery rises at Talakaveri on the Brahmagiri
The state ofKarnataka being a part of the Western Range of Hill in the Western Ghats, presently in the
Ghats experiences four seasons. The winter in Coorg district of the State, at an elevation of 1.341m
January and February is followed by summer (4,400 ft.) above mean sea level. The other important
between March and May, the southwest monsoon river flowing through the state is Godavari with 5
season between June and September and the tributaries. There are 9 river systems and 8 minor
northeast monsoon season from October to till tributaries which are west flowing. In addition to the
December. The coastal zone receives the heaviest above main river basins there are 3 independent
