Table Of ContentStudies in European Culture and History
edited by
Eric D. Weitz and Jack Zipes
University of Minnesota
Since the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of communism, the very meaning
of Europe has been opened up and is in the process of being redefined. European
states and societies are wrestling with the expansion of NATO and the European
Union and with new streams of immigration, while a renewed and reinvigorated
cultural interaction has emerged between East and West. But the fast-paced trans-
formations of the last fifteen years also have deeper historical roots. The reconfiguring
of contemporary Europe is entwined with the cataclysmic events of the twentieth
century, two world wars and the Holocaust, and with the processes of modernity
that, since the eighteenth century, have shaped Europe and its engagement with the
rest of the world.
Studies in European Culture and History is dedicated to publishing books that
explore major issues in Europe’s past and present from a wide variety of disciplinary
perspectives. The works in the series are interdisciplinary; they focus on culture and
society and deal with significant developments in Western and Eastern Europe from
the eighteenth century to the present within a social historical context. With its
broad span of topics, geography, and chronology, the series aims to publish the most
interesting and innovative work on modern Europe.
Series titles
Fascism and Neofascism: Critical Writings on the Radical Right in Europe
Edited by Angelica Fenner and Eric D. Weitz
Fictive Theories: Towards a Deconstructive and Utopian Political Imagination
Susan McManus
German-Jewish Literature in the Wake of the Holocaust: Grete Weil, Ruth Klüger, and
the Politics of Address
Pascale Bos
Exile, Science, and Bildung: The Contested Legacies of German Intellectual Figures
Edited by David Kettler and Gerhard Lauer
Transformations of the New Germany
Edited by Ruth Starkman
The Turkish Turn in Contemporary German Literature: Towards a New Critical
Grammar of Migration
Leslie A. Adelson
Terror and the Sublime in Art and Critical Theory: From Auschwitz to Hiroshima to
September 11
Gene Ray
Fascism and Neofascism
Critical Writings on the Radical Right
in Europe
Edited by
Angelica Fenner and
Eric D. Weitz
FASCISMANDNEOFASCISM
© Angelica Fenner and Eric D.Weitz,2004.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2004 978-1-4039-6659-9
All rights reserved.No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any
manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of
brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews.
First published in 2004 by
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ISBN 978-1-349-73349-1 ISBN 978-1-137-04122-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-137-04122-7
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Fascism and neofascism :critical writings on the radical right in
Europe / edited by Angelica Fenner and Eric D.Weitz.
p.cm.—(Studies in European culture and history)
Chiefly papers presented at a conference on “Fascism and Its Legacies:the
Re-emergence of the Extreme Right in Europe and the USA,”held Sept.2001 in
Madison,Wis.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1.Fascism—Europe—Congresses.I.Fenner,Angelica.II.Weitz,Eric D.III.Series.
JC481.F33415 2004
320.53(cid:2)3(cid:2)094—dc22 2004046966
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd.,Chennai,India.
First edition:November 2004
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Transferred to Digital Printing in 2013
Contents
Acknowledgments vii
List of Contributors ix
Introduction 1
Angelica Fenner and Eric D. Weitz
1. Ideological Positions in the Fascism Debate 19
Andrew Hewitt
2. “Windows 33/45”: Nazi Politics and the Cult of Stardom 43
Lutz Koepnick
3. Fascismo-Stileand the Posthistorical Imaginary 67
Claudio Fogu
4. The Danish Far Right Goes to War: Danish Fascism and
Soldiering in the Waffen SS, 1930–1945 81
Claus Bundgård Christensen, Niels Bo Poulsen, and Peter Scharff Smith
5. Sex and Secularization in Nazi Germany 103
Dagmar Herzog
6. The Fascist Phantom and Anti-Immigrant Violence:
The Power of (False) Equation 125
Diethelm Prowe
7. Fascism, Colonialism, and “Race”: The Reality of a Fiction 141
David Carroll
8. Fascism and the New Radical Movements in Romania 159
Maria Bucur
9. The Right-Wing Network and the Role of Extremist
Youth Groupings in Unified Germany 175
Joachim Kersten
10. Football, Hooligans, and War in Ex-Yugoslavia 189
Ivan C´olovic´
vi/ contents
11. Justifying Violence: Extreme Nationalist and
Racist Discourses in Scandinavia 207
Tore Bjørgo
12. Racism, the Extreme Right, and Ideology in
Contemporary France: Continuum or Innovation? 219
Michel Wieviorka
13. Immigration, Insecurity, and the French Far Right 229
Franklin Hugh Adler
14. From Communism to Nazism to Vichy:
Le Livre Noir du Communismeand the Wages of Comparison 247
Richard J. Golsan
15. Repetition Compulsion and the Tyrannies of
Genre: Frieder Schlaich’s Otomo 259
Angelica Fenner
Index 279
Acknowledgments
The present volume emerged out of a very stimulating interdisciplinary research
collaborative among four faculty members, Mary Layoun, Marc Silberman, Eric D.
Weitz, and Tom Wolfe, at the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities and the
University of Wisconsin-Madison. Two years of lively discussion and planning,
sometimes on e-mail, sometimes at live meetings in Minneapolis or Madison, culmi-
nated in a graduate seminar, “Fascism and Its Legacies,” that we taught concurrently
on both campuses, linked by interactive television. Our project was one of a number
of research collaboratives that are sponsored by the Center for German and
European Studies (CGES), a consortium of both universities that is supported by the
German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). It is to CGES and its two directors,
Klaus Berghahn and, at the time, Jack Zipes, that we owe our primary thanks for
enabling the four faculty members and a group of graduate students on both
campuses to work together in such a lively and engaging fashion.
Out of the research collaborative and seminar we also organized a conference,
“Fascism and Its Legacies: The Re-Emergence of the Extreme Right in Europe and
the USA,” in September 2001 at Madison. The conference was sponsored by CGES
and also served as the thirty-fourth Wisconsin Workshop of the University of
Wisconsin German Department. Generous support was also provided by
Wisconsin’s Departments of French and Italian, History, and Sociology, as well as its
European Studies Program, European Union Center, the Havens Center for the
Study of Social Structure and Social Change, and the Anonymous Fund. Most of
thechapters in the present volume were first presented as papers at this conference.
The editors would like to thank all of our contributors, other participants at the
conference, and, especially, Mary Layoun, Marc Silberman, and Tom Wolfe, for their
ongoing engagement with a most serious and troublesome subject, the radical right
in Europe.
The editors gratefully acknowledge the permission of Central European
University to reprint Ivan C´olovic´’s chapter, “Football, Hooligans, and War in Ex-
Yugoslavia,” from The Road to War in Serbia, ed. Nabojsa Popov, copyright Central
European University Press, 2002, and the permission of the Oskar Schlemmer
Archives and Secretariat for the permission to include the reproductions of Oskar
Schlemmer’s “Fensterbilder” in chapter 2.
List of Contributors
FRANKLIN HUGH ADLER is the DeWitt Wallace Professor of Political Science at
Macalester College. He is author of Italian Industrialists from Liberalism to Fascism
(Cambridge University Press, 1995), as well as numerous articles on political theory,
social movements, and European politics. These have appeared in journals on both
sides of the Atlantic, including Telos, Contemporary Sociology, American Political
Science Review, Ethics, Patterns of Prejudice, Les temps modernes, L’homme et la socéte,
and Il Ponte.
TORE BJØRGO is a Senior Research Fellow at the Norwegian Institute of
International Affairs (NUPI), heading a research group on terrorism and interna-
tional crime. A social anthropologist by training, his main fields of research have
been political extremism and terrorism, racist and right-wing violence, delinquent
youth gangs, international crime, and political communication. He has authored or
edited nine books, including Racist Violence in Europe (1993), Terror from the
Extreme Right (1995), Racist and Right-Wing Violence in Scandinavia: Patterns,
Perpetrators, and Responses (1997), and Nation and Race: The Developing Euro-
American Racist Subculture(1998).
MARIA BUCUR is Associate Professor and John V. Hill Chair in East European
History at Indiana University, Bloomington. Her recent publications include
Eugenics and Modernization in Interwar Romania (Pittsburgh University Press,
2002); Staging the Past: The Politics of Commemoration in Habsburg Central Europe,
1848 to the Present, coeditor with Nancy Wingfield (Purdue University Press, 2001);
and “Between the Mother of the Wounded and the Virgin of Jiu: Romanian Women
and the Gender of Heroism during the Great War,” Journal of Women’s History
(Spring 2000). Her research interests range from cultural history of modern Eastern
Europe to gender analysis, memory, and nationalism.
CLAUS BUNDGÅRD CHRISTENSEN received his doctorate in History from the
University of Roskilde and is currently assistant professor in Roskilde’s Department
for History and Social Theory. He is author of a book on the Danish black market,
1939–1955, and of many articles on related topics. Together with Niels Bo Poulsen
and Peter Scharff Smith he is author of a number of books and articles on Danes in
the Waffen SSand Danish workers’ collaboration with the Germans in building forti-
fication works during World War II.
DAVID CARROLL is Professor of French, Chair of the Department of French and
Italian, and Director of European Studies at the University of California, Irvine. His
