farmers' perception about climate change and its impact on agriculture and allied activities in ...

246 Pages·2016·2.51 MB·English

FARMERS’ PERCEPTION ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE
AND ITS IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED
ACTIVITIES IN CHHATTISGARH PLAINS

Ph.D. Thesis

by

Omprakash Parganiha

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, RAIPUR
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
RAIPUR (Chhattisgarh)

2016
FARMERS’ PERCEPTION ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE
AND ITS IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED
ACTIVITIES IN CHHATTISGARH PLAINS

Thesis

Submitted to the

Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur

by

Omprakash Parganiha

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF

Doctor of Philosophy

in

Agricultural Extension

Roll No. 15435 ID No. Ag./96/36

January, 2016

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I bow my head and offer flowers of reverence to the supreme
almighty “God” whose blessings enabled me to be so today and I dedicate my every
effort and achievement to my father Late Shri Aparbal Singh Parganiha who inspires,
loved, cared and blessed in every moment of my life.
It is an unique opportunity to express my heartiest and deep sense of gratitude,
indebtedness, profound etiquette and sincere thanks to Dr. M.L. Sharma, Professor
and Head, Department of Agricultural extension, College of Agriculture, I.G.K.V.,
Raipur and chairman of my advisory committee, for his keen interest, meticulous
supervision, scholastic guidance, sustained inspiration, valuable advice, constructive
criticism, vigilant supervision and encouragement throughout the course of
investigation and preparation of this manuscript.
I owe indebtedness to Dr. (Major) G.K. Shrivastava, Professor, Department of
Agronomy and member of my advisory committee, for extending his generous help and
able guidance throughout the ups and downs during my research work. With a deep
sense of gratitude and zeal, I extend my warmest thanks to the members of my
advisory committee Dr. M.L. Lakera, Professor (Agricultural Statistics) and Dr. M.A.
Khan, Associate Professor (Agril. Extension), IGKV, Raipur for their valuable
suggestion, constant guidance, and cooperation in carrying out the work during the
entire course of investigation.
I am highly obliged to Prof. S.K. Patil, Hon’ble Vice Chancellor, Indira
Gandhi Krishi Vishva Vidylaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, for allowing me one and half
years study leave with full paid salary to pursue Ph.D. I owe a deep sense of reverence
to Dr. S.S. Shaw, Director Instructions, Dr. S.S. Rao, Dean, College of Agriculture,
Dr. J.S. Urkurkar, Director Research Services, Dr. M.P. Thakur, Director Extension
services, Dr. O.P. Kashyap, Dean Student Welfare, IGKV, Raipur.
I extend my sincere regards and heartiest gratitude to Dr. R.N. Ganguli, Dean
and all the faculty members of SKS CARS, Rajnandgaon and CHRS, Jagdalpur for
their valuable advice, kind cooperation, timely help and providing necessary facilities
during the course of the study.
With a deep sense of gratitude and zeal, I extend my warmest thanks to Dr.
K.N.S. Banafar, Professor and Head (Agril. Economics), Dr. J.D. Sarkar, Professor
(Agril. Extension), Dr. K.K. Shrivastava, Dr. R.S. Sengar, Dr. H.K. Awashthi
i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Title Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xi
ABSTRACT xii
I INTRODUCTION 1-8
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 9-43
2.1 Socio-personal characteristics 9
2.2 Socio-economic characteristics 13
2.3 Communicational characteristics 19
2.4 Psychological characteristics 24
2.5 Perception of farmers about climate change 29
2.6 Impact of climate change on agriculture and allied 34
activities
2.7 Coping mechanism/adaptation in response to climate 38
change
2.8 Crop diversification in response to climate change 40
2.9 Relationship between dependent and independent 41
variables
2.10 Factors affecting adaptation 41
2.11 Constraints in adaptation 42
2.12 Suggestions 43

III MATERIALS AND METHODS 44-76
3.1 Location of the study area 44
3.2 Sample and sampling procedure 44
3.3 Variables of the study 48
3.3.1 Independent variables 48
3.3.2 Dependent variables 48
iii
Chapter Title Page
3.4 Operationalization of independent variables and their 48
measurement
3.4.1 Socio-personal characteristics 48
3.4.2 Socio-economic characteristics 52
3.4.3 Communicational characteristics 58
3.4.4 Psychological characteristics 62
3.5 Operationalization of dependent variables and their 68
measurement
3.5.1 Perception of farmers about climate change 68
3.5.2 Impact of climate change on agriculture and allied 68
activities
3.6 Coping mechanism/adaptation in response to climate 69
change
3.7 Relationship between dependent and independent 70
variables
3.8 Constraints faced by farmers in coping 72
mechanism/adaptation
3.9 Suggestions given by farmers to overcome the constraints 72
3.10 Type of data 72
3.11 Developing the interview schedule 72
3.11.1 Validity 73
3.11.2 Reliability 73
3.12 Method of data collection 74
3.13 Statistical analysis 74

IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 77-159
4.1 Independent Variables 77
4.1.1 Socio-personal characteristics 78
4.1.2 Socio-economic characteristics 83
4.1.3 Communicational characteristics 99
4.1.4 Psychological characteristics 110
4.2 Dependent variables 120
4.2.1 Perception of farmers about climate change 120
4.2.2 Impact of climate change on agriculture and allied 124
activities
iv
Chapter Title Page
4.2.2.1 Impact of long term climate change 125
4.2.2.2 Impact of short term climate change 131
4.3 Coping mechanism/adaptation to climate change 141
4.4 Relationship between dependent and independent 145
variables
4. 5 Constraints faced by farmers in adaptation to climate 153
change and their suggestions to minimize the constraints
4.5.1 Constraints in coping/adaptation to climate change 153
4.5.2 Suggestions given by farmers to overcome the 154
constraints

V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 160-171

BIBLIOGRAPHY 172-190

APPENDICES 191-219
Appendix A – Interview schedule 191
Appendix B – Monthly average maximum & minimum temperature, 212
rainfall and sunshine hour of Raipur district of
Chhattisgarh Plain
Appendix C – Annual rainfall trends in different districts of 216
Chhattisgarh Plains
Appendix D – Paper cutting of climate change related news 219

VITA 220

v
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
3.1 List of selected blocks, villages and number of respondents in 46
different districts of Chhattisgarh Plains
3.2 Scales used for measuring the variables 47
4.1 Distribution of respondents according to their socio-personal 79
characteristics
4.2 Distribution of respondents according to their land holding 84
4.3 Distribution of respondents according to availability of irrigation 85
4.4 Distribution of respondents according to availability of irrigation and 86
source wise irrigated area among the respondents
4.5 Season wise crops grown by respondents with average area and 87
productivity
4.6 Distribution of respondents according to their occupation 89
4.7 Distribution of respondents according to their annual income 90
4.8 Credit acquisition pattern of the respondents 93
4.9 Distribution of respondents according to their availability of farm 94
implements
4.10 Distribution of respondents according to their distance to market for 96
seasonal farm inputs
4.11 Distribution of respondents according to their crop insurance 98
institution
4.12 Distribution of respondents according to their socio-economic status 99
4.13 Extent of contact of the respondents with extension personnel 101
4.14 Extant of participation of respondents in extension activities 101
4.15 Extent of mass media participation 105
4.16 Extent of utilization of information sources for weather forecast 105
4.17 Distribution of respondents according to their cosmopoliteness 110
4.18 Distribution of respondents according to their psychological 111
characteristics
4.19 Distribution of respondents according to their awareness about 114
climatic variability
vi