Factors Affecting Success of Induction of Labor among Women Attended Induction in Addis Ababa

108 Pages·2016·1.24 MB·English

Addis Ababa University
School of Graduate Studies
Environmental Science Programe
Biological Nutrient Removal from Brewery Wastewater
using a Laboratory Scale Anaerobic/Anoxic/Aerobic
Bioprocess
A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies Addis Ababa
University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
of Master of Science in Environmental Science
Yared Shumete
November 14,2008
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………………i
LISTOFTABLES…………………………………………………………………………..iii
LISTOFFIGURES…………………………………………………………………………iv
LISTOFANNEXES...............................................................................................................vi
ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………………........................vii
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………...............viii
1.INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………1
2.LITRATUREREVIEW
2.1.BreweryWastewater Characteristics………………………………………………6
2.1.1.BreweryProcess Description…………………………………………...6
2.1.2.General Characteristics of BreweryWastewater……………………….9
2.1.3.BreweryWastewater Composition…………………………………….10
2.2.Environmental Impact ofBreweryWastewater…………………………………..11
2.3.Treatment ofBrewerywastewater………………………………………………..13
2.3.1.Wastewater Treatment methods…………………………………………15
2.3.1.1.Physical treatment Processes…………………………………….15
2.3.1.2.Chemical Treatment Processes…………………………………..16
2.3.1.3.Biological Treatment Processes…………………………………16
2.3.2.Biological Nutrient Removal…………………………………………….17
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2.3.2.1.Phosphorus Removal…………………………………………….17
2.3.2.2.Nitrogen Removal………………………………………………18
2.3.2.3.Types ofBNR Process Configuration…………………………18
2.3.3.AnaerobicTreatment ofWastewater………………………………………20
2.3.4.Aerobic Treatment ofWastewater…………………………………………21
2.3.5.Anaerobic-Aerobic Treatment of Wastewater…………………………......22
2.3.6.Anaerobic-Anoxic-AerobicTreatment ofWastewater……………………23
3. Materials andmethods
3.1.ExperimentalDesign andSetup…………………………………………25
3.2.Samples andsampling sites……………………………………………..26
3.3.Sourceof Sludge………………………………………………………...27
3.4.Process Start Up…………………………………………………………27
3.5.Analyses…………………………………………………………………29
3.6.Data Analysis……………………………………………………………31
4.ResultandDiscussion
4.1.Wastewater Characteristics………………………………………………..32
4.2.Process performance of theLaboratory scale Treatment plant……………36
4.3.Effect ofOLR onNutrient Removal Efficiency
4.3.1.Effect ofOLR onPhosphateRemoval Efficiency……………38
4.3.2.Effect ofOLR onTotal Nitrogen, AmmoniumNitrogen
andNitrate NitrogenRemoval Efficiency…………………….41
4.4.Effect ofOLR onCODand BOD removal Efficiency……………………48
4.5.Biodegradability………………………………………………………….…51
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4.6.Process stabilityof thebioprocess…………………………………………52
4.7.TheCharacteristics ofSludgeActivity……………………………………..56
5.Conclusions andRecommendations
5.1.Conclusions…………………………………………………………………61
5.2.Recommendations …………………………………………………………..62
6.References……………………………………………………………………………..63
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Acknowledgments
First of all I would like to express my deepest gratitude to GOD who makes everything to
happen for good, for giving me the strength, patience and endurance throughout my graduate
studyas well as for providingmetheopportunitytobeamanof academics.
I want to acknowledge my advisor Dr. Seyoum Leta not only for guiding me through his
comments and advice in spite of his work loads but also for helping me to use all the facilities
in the Microbiology laboratory (Addis Ababa University, Science Faculty; Biology
Department, Microbiology laboratory) that my study required without which this thesis work
would be imaginary. In relation to the laboratory facility I am also very thankful to Tigist and
Hirut forassistingmeinhandlingall thelaboratory equipments as well as mywork.
I also would like to acknowledge institutions which have contributed a lot to the success of
my study. Special acknowledgement shall go to St. George Beer Factory for allowing me to
use the brewery effluent throughout my research work and to its staffs Ato Chala, Ato Esayas,
Ato Alem, Ato Worknhe and Ato Tesfaye for providing me materials, their comments and
suggestions and past experience which have incorporated a lot to my thesis work and future
life. All shift workers in the fermentation and filtration sections of the brewery also deserves
great thanks for collecting the sample as scheduled. I also acknowledge Meta Abo Beer
Factory for allowing me to access their wastewater treatment facility and take sludge for my
work. I want to acknowledge Science Faculty of Addis Ababa University especially to the
Department of Biology, Microbiology Laboratory, and Addis Ababa Environmental
ProtectionAuthoritytoowhich have played a significant roleinthesuccess ofthis work.
I am also grateful to my friends Yared and Yemisratch for providing me useful materials for
the success of this work and for sharing their past experience throughout my work. I also
thank my friends and villagers at home who have been giving me continuous encouragement
tothe completionofmygraduate study.
None of this would happen and I would not be what I am now without the moral support and
encouragement of my family. Let my unspeakable gratefulness go to my mother Tenagne
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G/Tasdik, my father Shumete Asfaw and my sisters Haimanot, Fikirte and Mahlet. Thank you
verymuch foreverything you havedone for me.
LISTOFTABLES
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Table1Brewery effluent requirements fordirect discharge tosurfacewaters………………15
Table2Someofthe commonBNR system configurations alongwiththeirtarget
parameters toremove………………………………………………………………..19
Table3Experimental bioprocess operational parameters……………………………………28
Table4Characteristics ofraw brewerywastewater usedinthestudy………………………33
Table5Influent andAverage effluent wastewater characteristics forthethree
experimental feeds…………………………………………………………………37
Table6Concentrations ofselectedparameters intheinfluent and effluent
wastewaters against theprovisional limits given byEthiopianEPA………………50
Table7The BOD /CODratioof theinfluent wastewater forthethree feeds………………51
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Table8DO levels ofthethree bioreactors throughout thestudy……………………………52
Table9pH ofinfluent,anaerobic,anoxicand aerobic reactors,and effluent across
thethree phases……………………………………………………………………..53
Table10TSS andVSSvalues oftheanaerobic reactor andMLSS and MLVSS
values of theanoxicand aerobic reactors...………………………………………..55
Table11Experimental result of theAUR test………………………………………………57
Table12Experimental result of theNUR test………………………………………………59
LISTOFFIGURES
Fig.1.BasicBrewery FlowDiagram…………………………………………………………6
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Fig.2.Typical water balance withinabrewery………………………………………………7
Fig.3.Schematic representationof thelaboratoryscale anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic (AAA)
bioprocess system used inthestudy………………………………………………….25
Fig.4.Laboratoryset-up usedfor thedeterminationofAUR……………………………….30
Fig.5.Laboratoryset-up forthedetermination ofNUR…………………………………….31
Fig.6.Phosphateconcentrationintheinfluent andeffluent wastewaters……………………38
Fig.7.Removal efficiency ofphosphatebythe laboratory scale AAAtreatment plant……..39
Fig.8.Total nitrogenremoval efficiency ofthelaboratory scale AAA treatment plant..……42
Fig.9.Influent, anaerobic,anoxicandaerobic reactors,and effluent ammonium nitrogen
concentrations for thethree feeds……………………………………………………44
Fig.10.Ammonium nitrogen removal efficiency ofthelaboratory
scale AAAtreatment plant…………………………………………………………45
Fig.11.Nitrate nitrogenconcentrationintheinfluent and effluent
wastewaters…………………………………………………………………………46
Fig.12.Removal efficiency ofthe nitratenitrogenby thelaboratory scale AAA
treatment plant………………………………………………………………………47
Fig.13.CODand BOD5removal efficiencies of thelaboratory scale AAAtreatment plant...48
Fig.14.Ammonium consumptionandnitrate productioncurves……………………………56
Fig.15.Agraph showingnitratedepletion trend……………………………………………58
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Fig.16.SAUR test result withdifferent biomass concentrationunder
sludge retentiontimevariation………………………………………………………59
Fig.17.SNUR test result withdifferent biomass concentrationunder
sludge retentiontimevariation………………………………………………………60
LISTOFANNEXES
Annex1.Characteristics of raw brewerywastewater throughout thesampling
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period(concentrations are inmg/l except forpH, conductivityandturbidity)……81
Annex2.Influent andeffluent wastewaters characteristics forthethree experimental
feeds (All parameters are in mg/l unless otherwisestated)………………………82
Annex3.NH +-Nthroughout thestudyinthe influent,anaerobic,anoxicandaerobic
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reactors,and effluent duringthe three experimental feeds………………………83
Annex4.NO - -Nconcentrationthroughout thestudyintheinfluent, anaerobic,
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anoxicand aerobic reactors,and effluent duringthreeexperimental feeds………84
Annex5.DO ofthereactors throughout thestudyinmg/l…………………………………85
Annex6.pH oftheinfluent,anaerobic, anoxicand aerobic reactors,and effluent
throughout thestudy………………………………………………………………86
Annex7.TSS andVSS foranaerobic reactorand MLSS andMLVSS for
anoxicand aerobic reactors ingm/l………………………………………………87
Annex8.Photos ofthelaboratory scale treatment plant used inthestudy…………………88
Annex9.Photos oftheexperimental set-upused anddata obtainedinthe
determinations ofammonium uptake rate(AUR) andnitrate uptakerate (NUR)…90
ABBREVIATIONS
A/A/A Anaerobic/Anoxic/Aerobic
AUR AmmoniumUptake Rate
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