Factors affecting mass loss of apples

254 Pages·2011·3.46 MB·English

by  Maguire, Kate Marie

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FactoArfsf ectMiansgsL ososf A pples
At hseipser snetiepdna trifalullfm iteo ntf hree iqerumetns
fotrhd ee egeor f
DoctoorfP hiolsophiyn P lnatS cieen c
at
MasseyU nievrsiyt
NeZw elaand
KatMea rMiageu ei r
1998
"/tOeh aonee stu cceei"Jnae n"Js we,.ailn'll(Je up,.,. e6le'7Hlhse.a nswe,.s
weh ao6ee unh"Ja oeen ls'le ,.oI.ee,."J a ias weh elsee et6 n ew� uuUens.
LJn seHlwea 'lwse 6 eealsc en6uassee "Jo e6,.u tw e6 eliweeoa e,. e
cen6unseew"Je na hi(Jhlee,.o aent"J a 6euHlte ,.ieHl pe,.ttahnitn "(J s.
,.Anen.
III
ExecutiSvuem mary
Maslso sfrso hma rveasptlpeedcs a usdeisr elcotsi snr erntsut og rowearnsd
markeotfef rursiT th.i tsh ecshiasr ascettseh rpeir ocoefms sa slso sins
harveaspptleedes x,p lorienfegfc totsfhv ear iofuasc toonwr sa tvearp our
permeaonftc hefe ur iatm ,e asuorfte h eea se wwhiitcwhha teesrc afporems
thfeur it.
Valuoefpse rmeaonf'c Ber auernb'a nd' PaifcRiocs e'apTpMl ewse rreo guhly
twitcheo s'eC orifPp ipnsk '' GarnadnS nmiyt hP'e.r meaonf'c Beer aburn'
anPda ciRfoisce 'aTpMp liensca rseewdit hl taehra rvdeastwteh ilst fvoarl ues
'CriPpipnsak n'd' GranSnmyi trhe'm airneelda tciovnesltyTa hnetrw.ee re
smadlilef rfenicnem se apne rmeaonfac pep lfermso d iefrfernetg ioSnosme.
growers pmroordfeuur ciwetid th hi gwhat evra popuerr mnecaetsh aont hers.
Therwea sno r eloantsihbiept ween miantdutirocirtatsey s tanetddh wea ter
vapopuerr meaonftc hefe r iutF.r ufiortm t hien nreerg iooftn rsse a endw ith
hignhu mbeorffs ur iitnc onthaachdti gphe rmeanVcaersi.ai tnwi aotne r
vapopuerr meaanorcuen tdh seu fracoeft hfeur ihta ndo p attweirntr he spteoc t
bluosrsh u n/sdhesa idneoswr,a st hearnery etliaonswhitichpu ticular
thinceksRsa.t hvearr,i aitnwi aotnve arp our permfueriawtna csle i noktfeo d
theex teonfct u tuilcamri croc-kcirnAag m.o dewla sd evelwopheidce hx plains
thwea tvearp opuerr meabnacseoe ndt hper oporotffi uroisntu rfwahciec ihs
crackAerdt.i fsitcrieaatlpcl phi teodp iecoeffs ur istk iinne carscerda ckainndg
permeaSntcreai.int n h ceu tidculreig nrgo watnhdd e velopomfte hnfetur it
creaatr eedt iccurlaancteket woMrikc.r o-crcaocukbliedin mgp oritna nt
deterimnsigun scepttiomb aisllsio tsaysn d s hriavfethlea rr vPeesrtm.e aonfc e
'Brauernb'a plpedse creaafsteedr htahreevx etseotnft;t h diesc rewaasse
greaftoelrro rwe lahtuimvied ainthdy i gthe mperaatnfduo rfreur iwti th high
iniltieavle lmsi corfo -crBarcukiisncigan.ug sb eyid m padcatm aogne
iv
'Braebaupprnl'ei sn carseewda tvearp opuerr meaonffc ureio tn lvye ry
slightly.
A concepmtoudaeillps r esewnhtiecsdhu mmasrerise lasthiiobpnest wefeurni t
atitbruteensv,i ronmceonntdailta inopdnr ossc seewsh iccho ntritboou vteer all
mass olfao pslpse Asc .o mpsoimtaet hemamtoidcefalrl o pmr evious models
develoipnte htdeh eisspi rse sewnhtiecddhe sicbretso twaalt leors s as
determbiytn helede voefml i cro-crianc kftiurhniecgt u titcilmaeef, t er
harversetl,a htuimvied ainttdye mperoaftt uhsrete o reangvei ronAm ent.
numboefrs uggestions fmoars lsom siisnnt i hameppi lsieen dd ruysa rte
presebnatseoednd t hrseter aiteemsgi:n imisoafpt eiromne arnecdeu,c otfi on
drivfionrgfc oewr a tleor sansds egregoaflt iinooenfhs i grhi saknad pplying
approphrainadtleri enggi mTehsec. o mposmiotdeec lo ubledu setdoe xprleao
ranogfea lternahtainvdela innmdga rketsicnegin oaisrnt ersom ft otmaals s
loss.
v
Acknowledgements
FirsItt hlaymn,yk s upervfiotsrho earidsrv iacnaeds sisttharnocuetg hheo ut
couorsfte hp irso jMeycc th.is eufp erPvriosfoerNs,is goBeral n kasnD,dr
SanLdayn gt hfeociror n tisnuupepdeo nrcto,u rageexmceenlaltde,vn iatcn ed,
timTeoD. r I aGno rdfooenrx cellenta dsvtiaacntgediu sitdiacnacle .
Iw isthot hatnhkPe o stharvfeoscrto ngtrionuupe adn sdst uipmpuolratt ing
discusasnaidlo slnt saa fnsfdt udoefPn ltasSn cti eanncde Agricultural
Enginedeerpianrgtf moferr nite nadnssdhu ippp ortm ydt uirmaieMtn a gs sIe y.
amg ratteoMf ausls Uenyi veernsgiitnyane det resc hniIcaPinaa innsLt,ee or ,
BolatneGdre rrHaadrr igwahnoh elpweidte hq uipmMeytn hta.nt koS sh ane
Maxa ntdh set aafttfh F er uCirto Upnsif tot rh eaisrs iswtiatonhrc ceh ard
worTkh.a naklsgs oot ot hset aoffHf o rtResPearleamrcshNt oorntw hho,h ave
provmidewe idthi nvalsuuapbplaoenra dtd vice.
Iw oullidtk oae c knowtlhefedr giee nadnssdhu ipppI oh ratvr ee cefirvoemd
myg oofdr ieJnodasnS:nc eh eKrepnM,a cCormAincnBkar, a cHeayn,n ah
MillLeoru,iG shei akoJpoiWpae ns,t pHlealtBeern,o wn, dReaUnny dlJy,e lle
TiernasW,ta ynCea mpbLeilsMlai, l lSaurNedi ,c hoDlasvoTena ,n nAenrn,a ­
Marie Kingsley.
Extsrpae ctihaalnt koMs u ma nDda da nJda mfeosfr i nanecmioatli,o nal
suppaonredtn couradguermitenhnlgeta 7sy te ars.
The wroerpko irntt hetidhs e wsaifssu ndbeyEd N ZFARUINTe wZ ealand
(Ienrntatiotnharlot)uh,gEe hN ZAC hapirro grabmytm heAe,g ricultural
Marketing DaenvRdee lsoepaTmrrecunthsth t r,o aunAg GhM ARDPTh D
scholaarnssdhc iapn,ne ilnegcm tircorno scobpyet hLweoo trtkeG rriaenst
BoarIsd i.n cetrheatlnhyke osreng iasatfiotorhn efsii rn anscupipaolr t.
vi
Abstr.a.c.t. ......................................... ..........
. . .... . ... . ..... . . ....... III
Acknwoledgement.s. .........................................v.. ..................
Tabel ofC onten.t.s. ..................................................v..i.. ........
LisotfT abels. ...................................................x...i..i.. ............
LisotfF iugre.s. .................................................x..i..v.. ............
LisotfS ymbolasn dA bberviatoins. ......................x..i.x. ...........
Chapt1e r GenerIanlt rcotdiuon
1.1 BACKGROUND . 1
........................ .....................................................
1.2 RESEAROCBHJ EICVTEASN DS TRUCTUORFET HET HESIS
3
..........................................................................................................
1.3 REFERENCES . 6
............................................................. ...................
Chapt2e r LtieratRuerveiw e
2.1 INTRODUOCNT .I .
.. ......................................................... .............. 8
2.2 WATERL OSS
................................................................................. 8
2.2.1P ermetaonw caetv earp our . 9
.................... .........................................
2.2.1C.u1t ivcelreps ourse s . ... 13
....................................... ....... .....................
2.2.1.Cu2t ictuhliacrk ness 13
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2.2.1C.u3t iccuolmapro sanidts itornu cture ..1 4
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vii
2.2.1C.u3t..i1.n ............;. ...............................1...5... ......................
.... ....... .. . . . .. ..
2.2.1S.o3l.u2cb ultei lciupl.ia.dr..s . ........ .. . .......1 5
.. .. ..... ... .. . . . ........ . ..... .... .. . . . .. ..
2.2.1U.l3t.r3a s.t..r.u.ct.u..r...e.. ......................1 7
. ... ... ..... .. .. . ...... . . . . ... ..... . .. .... ... ..
2.2.1C.h4a nignep se rmedaunrcidene gv elop.men.t...... ...1.8
............ . ... . . .. .. .
2.2.1F.a5c tionrflsu enpceirrmleoga fnf creua itht a rv..e..s ..t .1.9.
.... .............
2.2.1T.i5m.oe1fh arv.e..s.t.. .. ......... ...............19
. .. .... . . .. .... .. . ............ .. ... .. . . . . . . . ..
2.2.1M.a5t.u2r. i.ty. ...................... ...... .22
. ... ....... . .. .. ... ........ .. . .... ... ......... . . . . . .... ...
2.2.1P.o6s thafravcetisontrf sl uepnecrimneoga fnf creu. i..t....... ..22
. .. .. . . .. . ..
2.2.1M.e6c.h1a ndiacmaa..lg.... .e.... .............................................................2 2
2.2.1R.e6l.a2ht uimvie.d .i..t..y. .............. ..........2.5. .
. .. ... .. ....... . . . . .... . . ...... ...... .. . .
2.2.1T.e6m.p3e ra..t.ur.e... . ... . .. ....... 27
.. . .. ...... . . ..... ... .... ..... .. ................ .. .. ... ... ....
2.2.1W.a6x.i4n g 28
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2.2.2S urfaarc.e.ea.. . ..... ............. ......... 29
. . . .. . .............. .. . . . .. . .......... .. . . .. ........
2.2.3D riving( lipfHo..rO.c .e. ..........................................3..0.. ..................
)
2.2.3F.r1u tietm peraantwdua rtveea rp opuarr ptrieals s..u.r.e... ..3.2
.. .. . . ... .. .
2.2.3S.e1n.s1hi ebatltre a n..s.f..e.r. .......................3.2
. .... ... .. .. .. . . . . . .. ....... . ... . . .. . .
2.2.3E.v1a.p2o rcaotoil.v.i.en.. g. .......... ............ 33
. . . . . .. . . ............. ... .... ... ..... . .....
2.2.3H.e1a.ot3fr espi.r.a.t..i.o..n. .. .......... ..34
. .... . ...... ... ....... . ... ..... ....... .......... . ..
2.2.3D.i1s.s4o lve.d. ..s..o..lu.t..e.s.. ..... ..........3 4
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2.2.3P.a2c kaegffienc.g.t ..s. . .......... .........3.6. ...
. . . ..... ....... ..... . .... ... . ....... . ... . . . . ..
2.2.3R.e3l ahtuimvieda inttdey m peroaftt hueern ev iron...m..e..n..t3..8 .
. . . . .
2.2.3S.o3u.r1oc fme osi s.t..u..r..e. ...............................3.8
. . .. ... .. .. . . ............ .. . . . . .
VIII
2.23..32S. infkosmr o isture 38
..........................................................................
2.3 RESPIRATION 39
..............................................................................
2.4 DISCUSSION 40
................................................................................
2.5 REFEREN.C.E.S. ..........................................4..3.. .............................
3
Chapter HarevstD ataen dC ultiEvfafre cts
onW ateVra pouPre rmeanicneA pples
ABSTRACT 55
....................................................................... ............
3.1 INRTODUTCION 57
...........................................................................
3.2 MATERIALSM ETHODS 58
AND ...................................................
3.3 RESULTS 61
......................................................................................
3.4 DISCUSSION 64
................................................................................
3.5 LITERTAUREC ITED 69
...................................................................
Chapt4e rS ourceosfV ariatiinWo ant eVra pour
PermeanocfeA pples
ABTSRATC 83
............................ .......................................................
4.1 INTRODUCTION 85
..........................................................................
4.2 MATERIALSM ETHODS 87
AND ...................................................
4.3 RESULTS 91
......................................................................................
4.4 DISCUSSION 94
.................................... ............................................
ix
4.5 LITERATCUIRTEE D . 97
........................... .......................................
Chapt5e rR ealtionsbheitpw eeWna teVra pouPre rmeance
ofA ppleasn dM icro-Ckrniagco ft heC utciel
ABSTRACT . 104
........................... ................................... ..................
5.1 INTRODTUICO.N. .................................................1..0..5.. ...............
5.2 MATERIALS METHODS 110
AND .................................................
5.3 RESULTS 112
.......................... ............................. .............................
5.4 DISCSUSIO.N. ....................................................1..1..3.. ..................
5.5 LITERARET CUITED . 117
........................................ ........................
Chapt6e r Streticgnh affecCtustc ileI ntegrity
andW ateVra pouPre rmeanicneA pples
ABSTRAC.T 125
.. .................................................... ..........................
6.1 INTRODTUICON .. 126
..................................................... . ................
6.2 MATERIALSM ETHODS . 126
AND ....... .........................................
6.3 RESULTS 129
................................ ........................ ............................
6.4 DISCSUISO.N. ..........................................................1....3...0.. .........
6.5 LITERATCUIRET ED .. . 133
..................... ... ................................. .....