Table Of ContentAPPRENTICES AND CLASS CULTURE: THE CASE OF APPAREL AND
METALWORKING WORKERS IN ISTANBUL
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO
THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
OF
MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
BY
AYLA EZGİ AKYOL
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR
THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION
SEPTEMBER 2014
Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences
Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık
Director
I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of
Master of Science.
Prof. Dr. Ayşe Ayata
Head of Department
This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully
adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science.
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Necmi Erdoğan
Supervisor
Examining Committee Members
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Necmi Erdoğan (METU, ADM)
Dr. Barış Çakmur (METU, ADM)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Şen (METU, SOC)
I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and
presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare
that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced
all material and results that are not original to this work.
Name, Last name : Ayla Ezgi AKYOL
Signature :
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ABSTRACT
APPRENTICES AND CLASS CULTURE: THE CASE OF APPAREL AND
METALWORKING WORKERS IN ISTANBUL
Akyol, Ayla Ezgi
M.S., Department of Political Science and Public Administration
Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Necmi Erdoğan
September 2014, 185 pages
The focus of the thesis is to discuss class culture on the basis of the apprentices
working in apparel and metalworking sectors by analyzing the structural and
ideological aspects that affect the formation and non-formation of class culture.
Basing on the field research conducted with 21 apprentices working in two sectors
via semi-structured interviews, the thesis analyzes class contradiction between the
apprentices that have different laboır processes and the aspects both providing and
corroding the basis for class consciousness while trying to understand what kind of
cultural references support that process. The study traces the relations through which
class identity is constituted. The thesis argues that paternalist relations as an element
of artisan and mater-apprentice relationship basing on small sized enterprises
obstructs the formation of class consciousness defied within the framework class
interest as well as the solidarity and unionization among the workers. The prevailing
class hierarchies turn to be consent via the future expectations of the apprentices in
terms of professional education and setting up their own enterprise. Apprentices in
two sectors differ from each other in terms of the perception of work and class
experience in the meaning of the experience of flexible working conditions because
of different labour-capital intensity. Despite such differences, the thesis argues that
class identity is constituted basing on the deprivation of respectability via class
confrontations in parallel with the exclusion of lower classes from educational,
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cultural and symbolic fields as a result of impoverishment and dispossession
processes in late capitalism.
Keywords: Class Culture, Apprentices, Labour Process, Apparel Sector,
Metalworking Sector.
v
ÖZ
ÇIRAKLAR VE SINIF KÜLTÜRÜ: İSTANBUL HAZIR GİYİM VE TORNA
SEKTÖRÜ İŞÇİLERİ ÖRNEĞİ
Akyol, Ayla Ezgi
Yüksek Lisans, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü
Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Necmi Erdoğan
Eylül 2014, 185 sayfa
Bu tez, hazır giyim ve torna sektörlerinde çalışan çıraklarda sınıf kültürünü
tartışmayı hedeflemekte, bu amaçla çıraklarda sınıf bilinci oluşmasına ve
oluşmamasına etki eden yapısal ve ideolojik faktörleri incelemeye çalışmaktadır.
Hazır giyim ve torna sektörlerinde çalışan, 21 çırakla yapılan yarı yapılandırılmış
mülakatlardan oluşan saha araştırmasına dayanarak, farklı emek süreçlerinin işlediği
bu iki sektördeki çıraklar arasında sınıf çelişkisinin, sınıf bilincinin nasıl ortaya
çıktığı ve nasıl etkisizleştirildiği, bu sırada hangi kültürel referanslardan beslendiği
analiz edilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Bu açıdan tez, sınıf kültürünün bir parçası olan
sınıfsal aidiyetin, hangi ilişki biçimlerinde görülebileceği sorusuna cevap
aramaktadır. Usta-çırak ilişkisine referansla kurulan, daha çok küçük işletme
kültürünün ve zanaat tarzı sınıf ilişkisinin bir unsuru olan paternalist ilişkilerin sınıf
çıkarı kavramından hareketle tanımlanabilecek bir sınıf bilincinin oluşması önünde
engel olduğu; dayanışma, sendikalaşma gibi unsurların gelişmesini engellediği;
çıraklar açısından meslek öğrenme ve kendi işinin patronu olma gibi gelecek
referanslı süreçlerle mevcut sınıf hiyerarşilerinin rızaya dönüştürüldüğü iddia
edilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, hazır giyim ve torna sektörlerinde çalışan çırakların,
sektörlerin emek-sermaye yoğunluğu bakımından farklılaşması ve bu nedenle farklı
esneklik biçimlerini tecrübe etmesi nedeniyle sınıf deneyimlerinin ve iş algılarının
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birbirinden farklı olduğu; fakat bu farklılığa rağmen geç kapitalizmde daha da
belirgin hale gelen yoksullaşma ve mülksüzleşme sonucu alt sınıfların eğitsel,
kültürel, sembolik alanlardan gittikçe daha fazla dışlanmalarına paralel olarak sınıf
çıkarı kavramına referansla olmasa da sınıf konumlarına ve ilişkilerine referansla
kurulan; daha çok üretim alanı dışındaki sınıf karşılaşmaları esnasında ve
saygınlıktan yoksunluk olarak tecrübe edilen bir sınıf aidiyetinin ortaya çıktığı
görülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Sınıf Kültürü, Sınıf Konumu, Sınıf İlişkileri, Sınıf Bilinci,
Çıraklar, Esnekleşme
vii
Ahmet Yıldız’a
O’nun nezdinde iş kazalarında ve sokaklarda
yaşamını yitiren tüm çocuklara…
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Necmi
Erdoğan for his guidance, advices and academic supports. His ideas and methods
have really inspired me in writing up this thesis. I would like to thank committee
members Dr. Barış Çakmur and Assoc. Dr. Mustafa Şen for their contributions to my
graduate study. I also thank to Dr. Özgür Avcı for his reading and valuable
comments.
Many people have contributed to this thesis. First of all, I would like to express my
deepest gratitude to the all apprentices who accept my proposal of interviewing in
spite of their limited time. I have learned many things from them. In this process, I
would like to thank Bahadır, Mahsun, Barış and Akkız who helped me to find
contacts in Çağlayan, Bağcılar and Sultanbeyli.
I appreciate all friends who support me and make this difficult process bearable. I
owe thanks to Volkan Işıl for inspiring me to write this thesis by including me in his
documentary project on the apprentices. His observations and experiences during
filming really helped me to think about this issue.
I owe special thanks tomy colleagues Mustafa Kahveci, Pedriye Mutlu, İpek
Gümüşcan and Ezgi Pınar for supporting me whenever I need, and lessen my burden
in many ways. They discussed with me and gave ideas during thesis, sometimes
accompanied me in the field research and shared my experience. Ezgi also
contributed to this thesis by taking on translation of interviews. I would like to thank
Cemal Salman, Ertan Erol, Kıvanç Yiğit Mısırlı, Şenol Arslantaş. Whenever I feel in
despair, they motivated me. I am very lucky to meet all of them.
I appreciate a lot to Esra Elif Nartok. She not only hosted me in her home during the
process that I come to Ankara, but also supported me and shared my painful
processes with patient like a sister. I also owe thanks to Yeşim Akmeraner for
motivating and encouraging me. Whenever something goes wrong I felt her support
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and calming effect. I also would like to thank Erkan Ünlüer and Mehmet Mutlu in
this process for their friendship and help.
I owe a lot to my mother Hacer Metin and my father Mahmut Akyol for their
understanding and support. In this process, they made me feel that I am not alone.
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