Table Of ContentLecture Notes in Physics 945
Helmut Satz
Extreme States
of Matter in
Strong Interaction
Physics
An Introduction
Second Edition
Lecture Notes in Physics
Volume 945
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Helmut Satz
Extreme States of Matter
in Strong Interaction Physics
An Introduction
Second Edition
123
HelmutSatz
UniversitätBielefeldFakultätfürPhysik
Bielefeld,Germany
ISSN0075-8450 ISSN1616-6361 (electronic)
LectureNotesinPhysics
ISBN978-3-319-71893-4 ISBN978-3-319-71894-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71894-1
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FürKarin
Preface
It was quite naturally a pleasure for me that the resonance of this little book was
sufficient to have the publishers propose a second edition. The past 5 years have
indeed brought considerable progress both in phenomenology and in experiment,
although there still remain some quite fundamental unsolved issues. Nevertheless,
theadvancesoftherecentyearscertainlymeritanappropriateupdate.
Besidesminorupdatesthroughout,themainmodificationsconcern
– Thecalibrationofquarkoniumproductioninnuclearcollisions
– Therelationbetweenstrangenesssuppressionanddeconfinement
– Thesearchforcriticalbehaviorinmultihadronproductionmoments
These led to significant revisions of Chaps.10 and 11. In addition, I have added
a new Chap.13 on fluids and flow. The role of a hydrodynamic evolution of the
mediumproducedinhigh-energycollisionshasbecomemoreandmorepronounced
over the years, and so such a chapter seems relevant. There is, of course, a
certaindangerinvolvedinthis:combining(local)equilibriumthermodynamicswith
hydrodynamicsintroducesevermoremodeldependenceandhencetendstoweaken
the direct relation between nuclear collision data and statistical QCD. It is to be
hopedthatfuturetheoreticalworkcanaccommodatethisproblem.
ThanksgooncemoretoD.Millerforhelpfulcomments.Furthermore,Iamvery
happythatR.Baier,P.Huovinen,andR.Vogthavelookedoverthenewchapterand
corrected quite a number of misleading formulations. Whatever remains wrong is
certainlymydoing.
Bielefeld,Germany HelmutSatz
August2017
vii
Preface to the First Edition
Over the past 50 years, the thermodynamics of strongly interacting matter has
become a profound and challenging area of modern physics, both in theory and
in experiment. Statistical quantum chromodynamics (QCD), through analytical as
well as numerical studies, provides the main theoretical tool; in experiment, high-
energy nuclear collisions are the key for extensive laboratory investigations. The
fieldisthereforeanareaofoverlapbetweenstatistical,particle,andnuclearphysics,
conceptuallyandinthemethodsofinvestigationused.
Many young people today are starting their scientific research in this field, and
so there is a need for a general introduction, emphasizing in particular the basic
concepts and ideas. That is the aim of this book, to explain why we are doing
whatwearedoing.Itisnotmeanttocompetewithseveralrecenttextbooks,which
shouldbeconsultedtoobtainthetechnicaltoolsofthetrade.Iwanttoconcentrate
here more on the development of the underlying ideas, which I think have given
the field a very unique flavor. Moreover, I will concentrate mainly on equilibrium
thermodynamics.Nuclearcollisionscertainlyinvolvenon-equilibriumaspects,from
thermalizationtohydrodynamicflow.Butbeforewecanunderstandthese,wewill
havetounderstandthestrikingnewfeaturesalreadypresentinequilibrium.
Thegeneralplanofthebookisthefollowing.Wefirstintroducethefundamental
ideasofstronginteractionthermodynamics(Chap.1)andthensummarizethemain
conceptsandmethodsusedinthestudyofcomplexsystems(Chap.2).Afterthese
general preliminaries, we present some models, i.e., simplified phenomenological
pictures,leadingtocriticalbehaviorinhadronicmatterandtohadron-quarkphase
transitions (Chaps.3 and 4). Given such a conceptual basis, we can then turn to
finite temperature lattice QCD and to the results obtained in computer simulation
studies of the lattice formulation (Chap.5). Complementary to this, we clarify the
relationoftheresultingcriticalbehaviortosymmetrybreaking/restorationinQCD
(Chap.6). In Chap.7, an extension of our considerations to strongly interacting
matter at finite baryon density provides the basis for the study of the QCD phase
diagram. Following this, we investigate in some detail the main features of a new
stateofmatter,thequark-gluonplasma(Chap.8).Thiscompletesourpresentation
ofbulkequilibriumthermodynamics,althoughquiteafewveryinterestingaspects
ix
x PrefacetotheFirstEdition
have not been dealt with in much detail; in particular, the regime of large baryon
density has only been considered quite briefly. But this simply reflects the present
stateofourknowledgeinthatarea.
Followingthismoregeneralpartofthebook,weturntosomespecificfeatures
which arise when nuclear collisions are considered as a tool for the experimental
study of QCD thermodynamics. In Chap.9, we introduce the conceptual basis
for this endeavor; following this, we briefly survey the main probes proposed to
investigatethepropertiesofthemediumproducedinsuchcollisions.Finally,thelast
twochaptersdealwithhadronproductioninhigh-energycollisions–atopicwhich,
more than 50 years ago, started the intimate relation between strong interaction
physicsandthermodynamics.
Since our field is so multifaceted, I thought it would be helpful to keep the
differentchaptersself-containedasmuchaspossible,sothatareadercouldturnto
agiventopicwithouthavingtoreadindetailallpreviouschapters.Thisnecessarily
impliessomerepetition,forwhichIhopeforindulgence.
Thisbookisbasedonthreesetsofcomprehensivelectures,heldattheUniversity
of Bielefeld in 1995/1996, at the Instituto Superior Técnico (IST) in Lisbon in
2002/2003,andagainatBielefeldin2010/2011.Inaddition,ithasbenefittedmuch
from extensive lectures at a number of schools, organized by CCAST, CERN,
Dubna, Frascati, VECC, and others. The course of the years, I think, had a very
healthyinfluenceinplacingthingsintosomeperspective.Letusseewhatthenext
years will bring. In the meantime, I hope that what is presented here may help in
showingfutureyoungresearchersthatoursisafieldwithmuchpromise,withinand
beyonditstopicalfrontiers.
Aconsiderablepartofthebookwaswrittenandeditedduringtwolongstaysat
theISTinLisbon,madepossiblebyagrantoftheCalousteGulbenkianFoundation.
IwanttotakethisopportunitytoexpressmysinceregratitudetoJorgeDiasdeDeus
and João Seixas for their kind hospitality there and to the Gulbenkian Foundation
fortheirgeneroussupport.
Next, it is my great pleasure to thank my colleagues for all the help I have
received over the years in my attempts to understand this fascinating chapter of
physics. My gratitude goes first and foremost to my long-time fellow searchers
(whoseconclusionsmayandoftendo,ofcourse,differfrommine).Onthetheory
side, I thank Rolf Baier, Jürgen Engels, Rajiv Gavai, Sourendu Gupta, Keijo
Kajantie,FrithjofKarsch,DimaKharzeev,EdwinLaermann,TetsuoMatsui,Larry
McLerran,DavidMiller,KrzysztofRedlich,VesaRuuskanen,EskoSuhonen,Bob
Thews,RamonaVogt,andXin-NianWang;morerecently,crucialhelpcamefrom
Paolo CastorinaandOlafKaczmarek. Ontheexperimental side,Francesco Becat-
tini, Peter Braun-Munzinger, Louis Kluberg, Carlos Lourenço, Jürgen Schukraft,
Johanna Stachel, and Reinhard Stock have been essential in my search for under-
standing, and they have moreover made sure that the experimental consequences
ofwhatevertheoretical“Hirngespinst”wereneverignoredorforgotten.Thislistof
namesisnecessarilyincomplete,andIwanttoexpressmygratitudealsotoallthe
otherswhohavehelpedmesomuch.
PrefacetotheFirstEdition xi
Furthermore,sincerethanksgotoFrithjofKarsch,DavidMiller,andKrzysztof
Redlich, for a careful reading of parts of the draft, and especially to Carlos
Lourenço, who read and corrected the entire manuscript with great care. This has
certainly helped much in eliminating many wrong and ambiguous formulations;
whatremainsfaultyisobviouslymyresponsibility.
Someone once said that being a “normal” person married to a physicist is like
being deaf and married to a musician. I dedicate this book to my wife for bearing
withmeduringallthoseendlesshoursofunheardmusic.
Bielefeld,Germany HelmutSatz
June2011
