Export-import theory, practices, and procedures

657 Pages·2014·5.569 MB·English

by  Seyoum, Belay

Export-Import Theory, Practices,
and Procedures
Export-Import Theory, Practices, and Procedures is the fi rst book on the topic aimed squarely
at the academic audience. Discussing theoretical issues in depth, this innovative textbook of-
fers a comprehensive exploration of import procedures and export regulations, incorporat-
ing the most relevant and current research information in these areas.
The new edition includes:
U pdates on major developments in bilateral and regional trade agreements and on
regulatory changes in export controls
 Changes to taxation laws in the United States and internationally that impact import/
export
Changes to INCOTERMS 2000 and to letters of credit
 New developments in countertrade
 The new role of the Export-Import Bank
T his book combines an innovative conceptual and theoretical approach, a comprehensive
analytical treatment, and an engaging and accessible presentation style to offer one of the
most useful textbooks on the market for students and practitioners alike.
More information can be found at www.export-importtradecenter.com
Belay Seyoum is Professor of International Business Studies at Nova Southeastern University
in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, where he teaches a variety of courses in international business
and economics. Prior to coming to Nova Southeastern, Dr. Seyoum taught international
business at Concordia University and at McGill University, in Montreal, Canada. Dr. Seyoum
has published two books, as well as numerous articles in the area of international trade in
several prestigious academic journals, such as the International Business Review, Journal of
World Trade, the International Trade Journal, the Journal of World Business, and the Journal
of Global Business.
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Export-Import Theory, Practices,
and Procedures
3rd Edition
BELAY SEYOUM
First published 2014
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
and by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2014 Taylor & Francis
The right of Belay Seyoum to be identifi ed as author of this work has been
asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation
without intent to infringe.
First edition, authored by Erdener Kaynak and Belay Seyoum, published by
Routledge 2000
Second edition, authored by Belay Seyoum, published by Routledge 2008
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Seyoum, Belay, 1953–
Export-import theory, practices, and procedures / Belay Seyoum. — Third
edition.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Exports. 2. Imports. 3. Export marketing. 4. International
trade. I. Title.
HF1414.4.S49 2013
382—dc23
2013022782
ISBN: 978-0-415-81837-7 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-415-81838-4 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-203-58150-6 (ebk)
Typeset in Minion
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Contents
Introduction—A Brief History of International Trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Ancient Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Colonial Period (1500–1900) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1900 to the Present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
SECTION I—Overview of International Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Chapter 1—Growth and Direction of International Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Importance of International Trade to the Global Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Determinants of Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Volume and Direction of Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Important Developments in Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Case 1.1 The Limitations of Export-Led Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Case 1.2 The Impact of the Financial Crisis on Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Chapter 2—International and Regional Agreements Affecting Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
The GATT and the WTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Regional Integration Agreements (RIAs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
The European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Case 2.1 The Euro Crisis and Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
vi Contents
SECTION II—Export Marketing and Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Chapter 3—Setting Up the Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Ownership Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Business or Trade Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Bank Accounts, Permits, and Licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Location and Use of Professional Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Organization for Export: Industry Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
General Principles of Taxation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Taxation of Export-Import Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Case 3.1 Globalization and the Shrinking Tax Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Chapter 4—Planning and Preparations for Export . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Assessing and Selecting the Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
International Market Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
International Market Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Developing an International Business Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Export Counseling and Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Overseas Travel and Promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Case 4.1 Developing Export Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Case 4.2 Strategies for Entering New Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
Chapter 5—Export Channels of Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Indirect Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
Direct Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Locating, Contacting, and Evaluating Agents and Distributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
Contracts with Foreign Agents and Distributors (Representatives) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Major Clauses in Representation Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Maintaining and Motivating Overseas Representatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Case 5.1 Export Channel Decisions of Two U.S. Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Case 5.2 The Internet and Exporting: A Focus on Developing Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Chapter 6—International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
International Logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
External Influences on Logistics Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Typical Logistics Problems and Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
The International Logistics Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Logistics Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Risks in Foreign Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Marine and Aviation Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Claims and Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Contents vii
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Case 6.1 Marine Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Case 6.2 Marine Insurance: Inchmaree Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
SECTION III—Executing the Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Chapter 7—Pricing in International Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Determinants of Export Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Pricing in Export Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Pricing Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Calculating the Export Price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Trade Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Case 7.1 Incoterms (CIF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Case 7.2 Incoterms (C&F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Chapter 8—Export Sales Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Harmonization of Contract Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
CISG: Essential Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Pertinent Clauses in Export Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Case 8.1 CISG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Case 8.2 China National Products versus Apex Digital, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Chapter 9—Trade Documents and Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Documentation in Export-Import Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Air Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Ocean Freight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Land Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Case 9.1 What Constitutes a Package Under COGSA? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Case 9.2 The Container Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
SECTION IV—Payment Terms and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Chapter 10—Exchange Rates and International Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Foreign Exchange Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Protection Against Exchange Rate Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
viii Contents
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Case 10.1 Will the U.S. Dollar Maintain Its Key Currency Status?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Case 10.2 Currency Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Chapter 11—Methods of Payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Consignment Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Open Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Documentary Collection (Documentary Draft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Documentary Letter of Credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Cash in Advance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
New Payment and Financing Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Fraud in Documentary Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Other Letters of Credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Letters of Credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Case 11.1 Dishonoring Letters of Credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Case 11.2 The Independent Principle in Letters of Credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Case 11.3 Deferred Payment in Letters of Credit (L/C). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Chapter 12—Countertrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Origins of Countertrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Benefits of Countertrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Theories on Countertrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Forms of Countertrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Countertrade and the WTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Countertrade and the International Monetary Fund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Governments’ Attitudes Toward Countertrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Case 12.1 The Bofors-India Countertrade Deal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Case 12.2 Offsets in U.S. Defense Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
SECTION V—Financing Techniques and Vehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Chapter 13—Capital Requirements and Private Sources of Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Capital Sources for Export-Import Businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Private Sources of Export Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Case 13.1 Tadoo’s Sales to Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Chapter 14—Government Export Financing Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Export Credit Agencies (ECAs) in Various Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Export-Import Bank of the United States (Eximbank) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Small Business Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Contents ix
Private Export Funding Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
U.S. Department of Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Case 14.1 Trade Finance for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises in Transition Economies . . . . . . . 317
Case 14.2 Eximbank Financing: Selected Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
SECTION VI—Export Regulations and Tax Incentives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Chapter 15—Regulations and Policies Affecting Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Export Licensing and Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Antiboycott Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Foreign Corrupt Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Antitrust Laws and Trade Regulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Incentives to Promote Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Case 15.1 Export Trade Certificate of Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Case 15.2 Selected Cases in Enforcement of FCPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
SECTION VII—Import Procedures and Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Chapter 16—Import Regulations, Trade Intermediaries, and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Import Restrictions in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
U.S. Free-Trade Agreements (FTAs).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
U.S. Trade Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Trade Intermediaries and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Case 16.1 Tax Deduction for Processing in Maquilas: Mere Assembly or Fabrication. . . . . . . . . . 380
Case 16.2 Import Penetration Rates in U.S. High-Value Industries: Focus on China . . . . . . . . . . 381
Chapter 17—Selecting Import Products and Suppliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Selecting Products for Importation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Determining Import Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Selecting the Supplier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Pricing the Imported Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Import Marketing Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Financing Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
International Sourcing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Case 17.1 The ATA Carnet: Unlocking Customs for Temporary Entry of Goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Case 17.2 Maytag’s Triad Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400