Explosion, Shock Wave and Hypervelocity Phenomena in Materials II: Selected, Peer Reviewed Papers from the 2nd Nternational Symposium on Explosion, ... March 2007, Kumam

386 Pages·2008·47.7 MB·English

by  S. Itoh, S. Itoh, K. Hokamoto

Explosion, Shock Wave
and Hypervelocity Phenomena
in Materials II
Explosion, Shock Wave
and Hypervelocity Phenomena
in Materials II
Selected, peer reviewed papers from
the 2nd International Symposium on
Explosion, Shock Wave and Hypervelocity Phenomena
(ESHP-2),
6-9 March 2007, Kumamoto, Japan
Edited by:
S. Itoh and K. Hokamoto

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Volume 566 of
Materials Science Forum
ISSN 0255-5476
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Table of Contents
Reconsideration of the So-Called von Neumann Paradox in the Reflection of a Shock Wave
over a Wedge
E.I. Vasilev, T. Elperin and G. Ben-Dor 1
Development of a Large Diameter Diaphragmless Shock Tube for Gas-Dynamic Laser
Studies
I. da S. Rego, K.N. Sato, S. Kugimiya, T. Aoki, Y. Miyoshi, T. Ando, K. Goto and M. Sakamoto 9
Behaviors of High Explosive near the Critical Conditions for Shock Initiation of Detonation
S. Kubota, Y. Ogata, Y. Wada, T. Saburi and K. Nagayama 15
Experimental Determination of Shock Hugoniot for Water, Castor Oil, and Aqueous
Solutions of Sodium Chloride, Sucrose and Gelatin
A.B. Gojani and K. Takayama 23
Dynamic Response of a Steel Pipe to Internal Blast Loading
G.M. Simangunsong, S. Kubota, T. Saburi, K. Katoh, S. Yoshino, Y. Wada and Y. Ogata 29
Design and Experiment of Compact Projectile Accelerator Driven by Explosives
T. Saburi, S. Kubota, M. Yoshida, G.M. Simangunsong, Y. Wada and Y. Ogata 35
Detonation Behaviors of Nitromethane with Various Initiating Shock Pressure
H. Hamashima, A. Osada, S. Itoh and Y. Kato 41
High-Speed Photographic Observation of Shock-Pressure Pulses in Water Induced by Laser
Energy Absorption at Roughened Surface
M. Nakahara, K. Nagayama, T. Kajiwara and T. Nishiyama 47
Behaviour of Cellular Structures under Impact Loading a Computational Study
Z. Ren, M. Vesenjak and A. Öchsner 53
Numerical Studies of Explosive Welding by SPH
K. Tanaka 61
Numerical Simulation of Shaped Charges Using the SPH Solver: Jet Formation and Target
Penetration
H. Miyoshi 65
Numerical Analysis of Projectile-Launch Tube Wall Friction Effects on Projectile
Acceleration in Single-Stage Gun
H. Miura and A. Matsuo 71
Numerical Simulation of Underwater Explosive Compaction Process for Compaction of
Tungsten Powder
M. Zohoor and A. Mehdipoor 77
Plate Response to Buried Charge Explosion
S. Rolc, V. Adamík, J. Buchar and L. Severa 83
Numerical Prediction on Cookoff Explosion of Explosive under Strong Confinement
Z.Y. Liu and M. Suceska 89
Multi-Physics Modeling Based on Combustion of Energetic Materials
K.H. Kim and J.I. Yoh 95
Diameter Effect on Detonation Velocity of Ammonium Nitrate and Activated Carbon
Mixtures
A. Miyake, H. Kobayashi, H. Echigoya, K. Katoh, S. Kubota, Y. Wada, Y. Ogata and T. Ogawa 101
Detonation Velocity and Pressure of Ammonium Nitrate and Activated Carbon Mixtures
A. Miyake, H. Echigoya, H. Kobayashi, K. Katoh, S. Kubota, Y. Wada, Y. Ogata and T. Ogawa 107
Hot Explosive Compaction of Udimet 700 Powder
R. Prümmer and A. Witt 113
Explosive Welding of ZrTiCuNiBe Bulk Metallic Glass to Crystalline Metallic Plates
A. Chiba, Y. Kawamura and M. Nishida 119
Shock Wave Chemical Reactions; Synthesis of Carbon Nitrides
T. Sekine 125
Properties of Cubic Si N Obtained by Shock Synthesis
3 4
V.D. Blank, A.A. Deribas, N.A. Lvova, R.H. Bagramov, B.A. Kulnitsky, I.A. Perezhogin, V.M.
Prokhorov, V.V. Silvestrov and A.S. Yunoschev 129
Novelties in Physics of Explosive Welding and Powder Compaction
I. Plaksin, J. Campos, J. Ribeiro, R. Mendes, J. Direito, D. Braga and R. Prümmer 135
b Explosion, Shock Wave and Hypervelocity Phenomena
Processing of Advanced Materials Using Conventional and Shock Techniques
A.G. Mamalis 141
Explosive Cladding for ITER Components
E. Carton and M. Stuivinga 149
A DTA Study on HVOF Thermally Sprayed WC–M Coatings
M. Heydarzadeh Sohi, S. Khameneh Asl, K. Hokamoto and M. Rezvani 155
Study of Phase Transformations in Heat Treatment of HVOF Thermally Sprayed
WC–17Co Coating
S. Khameneh Asl, M. Heydarzadeh Sohi, K. Hokamoto, M. Matsuda, R. Tomoshige and M.
Nishida 161
On Micro Forming by Hydro Spark Forming Method
T. Hasebe and Y. Imaida 167
Control of Onset of Buckling Lobe in Axial Impact of Square Tube
M. Yamashita, T. Okuyama, N. Nishimura and T. Hattori 173
Dependence of Blast Attenuation on Weight of Barrier Materials
T. Homae, K. Wakabayashi, T. Matsumura and Y. Nakayama 179
Underground Space Construction by Explosive Loading in a Borehole
K. Tateyama, S. Itoh and H. Maehara 185
The Sterilization of Dry Powdered Foods by Successive Impacts
K. Fujiwara, T. Hiroe, H. Hata and M. Furukawa 191
Study on the Relationship between Some Foods and Underwater Shock Wave Using the
Explosion of the Detonating Fuse
A. Oda, N. Okamoto and S. Itoh 197
Research on Sessile Organism Removal from Metal Using the Underwater Shock Wave
A. Takemoto, T. Watanabe, H. Iyama and S. Itoh 203
Influence of Inert Copper and Silicon Carbide Inserts on Process of Detonation
Transmission through Water
I.A. Balagansky, A.D. Matrosov, I.A. Stadnichenko, A.I. Glumov and A.V. Samsonov 207
Analysis of Explosion Combustion Phenomenon with Ammonium Nitrate
S. Kimura, H. Hata, T. Hiroe, K. Fujiwara and H. Kusano 213
A Safe Use of Explosives by Parting into a Small Amount of Powder
M. Fujiwara, K. Fujiwara, T. Hiroe and H. Hata 219
A Study on Shock Energy for Concrete Destruction Using Underwater Shock Wave
M. Otsuka, N. Okamoto and S. Itoh 225
The Study about “Cullet” Generation Technique and Application for Recycling System by
Using Underwater Shockwaves
S. Kawabe, H. Sakamoto, M. Himeno, T. Ono and S. Itoh 231
Mechanical Changes in Materials Caused by Explosive Precompression Shock Waves and
the Effects on Fragmentation of Exploding Cylinders
T. Hiroe, K. Fujiwara, H. Hata, K. Watanabe and M. Yamamoto 237
Basic Study for Crushing of Ice by Underwater Shock Wave
T. Watanabe, H. Maehara and S. Itoh 243
Effect on Aqua Quenching of Spring Steel (JIS SUP 9)
S.S. Lee, C.H. Lee and Y.T. Cho 249
New Impact Testing Methods for Sheet Metals Based on SHPB Technique
T. Hasebe and Y. Imaida 255
Ultrasonic Nondestructive Approach on Fiber Orientation Inspection in CFRP Composite
Laminates
I.Y. Yang, Y.J. Yang, K.S. Lee, D.K. Hsu and K.H. Im 261
Nondestructive Evaluation of Rayleigh Pitch-Catch Contact Ultrasound Waves on
Impacted-Damaged Composites
J.W. Park, I.Y. Yang, K.H. Im, D.K. Hsu, S.J. Song, H.J. Kim and Y.T. Cho 267
Observation of High Velocity Oblique Collision of Titanium and Stainless Steel Plates by
Using Gas Gun
P. Manikandan, K. Hokamoto, S.H. Ghaderi and N.N. Thadhani 273
Micro Structural Studies On Explosively Clad Cu/Ss, Br/Ss and Al/Ss Plates
P. Tamilchelvan, K. Raghukandan, N. Meikandan and K. Sivakumar 279
Materials Science Forum Vol. 566 c
A Study of the Weld Zones on Explosive Cladded Titan12/Ss 304 L Plates
K. Raghukandan, P. Tamilchelvan and N. Meikandan 285
Explosion Joining of Magnesium Alloy AZ31 and Aluminum
S.H. Ghaderi, A. Mori and K. Hokamoto 291
Utilization of Technology of Explosive Welding at Development of Multilayer Ballistic
Resistant Materials
P. Nesvadba and S. Rolc 297
Underwater Explosive Welding of Thin Magnesium Plate onto some Metal Plates
A. Mori, K. Hokamoto and M. Fujita 303
Numerical Simulation on Explosive Welding Process Using Reflected Underwater Shock
Wave
K. Shiramoto, M. Fujita, Y. Ujimoto, H. Iyama and S. Itoh 309
Collection of Product Synthesized Using Extremely High Impulsive Pressure Generator
A. Kira, K. Hokamoto, Y. Ujimoto, S. Kai and M. Fujita 315
Advanced Materials Synthesis and Microstructural Characterization Using Explosive at
Sojo University
S. Ii, A. Kira, R. Tomoshige and M. Fujita 321
Investigation of Jet Formation with Overdriven Detonation in High Density Explosive
H. Kato, K. Murata, S. Itoh and Y. Kato 327
Shock Compaction of WC-Co Powder in Metallic Tube
S. Tanaka, K. Hokamoto and S. Itoh 333
Optimal Design of Shock Compaction Device
Y.K. Kim, K. Hokamoto and S. Itoh 339
A Study on the Consolidation of Cu, Ni / Graphite Powder Using Shock Compaction
Method
Y.K. Kim, K. Hokamoto and S. Itoh 345
Microstructure Modification of Magnesium Alloys by High Current Electropulsing
S. Tanaka, Y. Takemori, M. Tsushida, H. Kitahara, S. Ando and H. Tonda 351
The Formation of Onions at Shock-Wave Loading of Graphite
V.D. Blank, A.A. Deribas, B.A. Kulnitsky, I.A. Perezhogin and A.V. Utkin 357
The Industrial Applications of Underwater Shock Wave
S. Itoh 361
Materials Science Forum Vol. 566 (2008) pp 1-8
© (2008) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.566.1
Reconsideration of the So-called von Neumann Paradox in the
Reflection of a Shock wave Over a Wedge
Eugene I. Vasilev 1,a, Tov Elperin 2,b and Gabi Ben-Dor 2,c
1 Department of Computational Mechanics, Volgograd University, Volgograd, Russia
2 Pearlstone Center for Aeronautical Engineering Studies, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
a [email protected], b [email protected], c [email protected]
Keywords: Shock Wave Reflection, von Neumann Paradox.
Abstract. Numerous experimental investigations on the reflection of plane shock waves over
straight wedges indicated that there is a domain, frequently referred to as the weak shock wave
domain, inside which the resulted wave configurations resemble the wave configuration of a Mach
reflection although the classical three-shock theory does not provide an analytical solution. This
paradox is known in the literature as the von Neumann paradox.
While numerically investigating this paradox Colella & Henderson [1] suggested that the
observed reflections were not Mach reflections but another reflection, in which the reflected wave
at the triple point was not a shock wave but a compression wave. They termed them it von Neumann
reflection. Consequently, based on their study there was no paradox since the three-shock theory
never aimed at predicting this wave configuration.
Vasilev & Kraiko [2] who numerically investigated the same phenomenon a decade later
concluded that the wave configuration, inside the questionable domain, includes in addition to the
three shock waves a very tiny Prandtl-Meyer expansion fan centered at the triple point. This wave
configuration, which was first predicted by Guderley [3], was recently observed experimentally by
Skews & Ashworth [4] who named it Guderley reflection.
The entire phenomenon was re-investigated by us analytically. It has been found that there are in
fact three different reflection configurations inside the weak reflection domain:
• A von Neumann reflection – vNR,
• A yet not named reflection – ?R,
• A Guderley reflection – GR.
The transition boundaries between MR, vNR, ?R and GR and their domains have been
determined analytically.
The reported study presents for the first time a full solution of the weak shock wave domain,
which has been puzzling the scientific community for a few decades.
Although the present study has been conducted in a perfect gas, it is believed that the reported
various wave configurations, namely, vNR, ?R and GR, exist also in the reflection of shock waves
in condensed matter.
Introduction
The phenomenon of shock wave reflection was reported first by Mach [5]. In his experiments he
discovered two types of shock waves reflection configurations: regular reflection, RR, and irregular
reflection, IR, with a triple point, that was later named Mach reflection, MR. In order to describe
the shock waves configuration in the vicinity of a triple point von Neumann [6,7] suggested a
simple three-shock waves theory, 3ST, that was based on the conservation equations across an
oblique shock waves and appropriate boundary conditions.
Discrepancies between von Neumann’s 3ST and experiments were detected first by White [8]. In
his experiments for weak shock waves with M <1.5 , he recorded MR configurations in a
S
parameter domain for which the 3ST did not allow such a solution. This discrepancy that later
2 Explosion, Shock Wave and Hypervelocity Phenomena
confirmed by many investigators was named the von Neumann paradox. Subsequent efforts were
directed towards searching theoretical models that could explain the experimental results. The
efforts to resolve theoretically the von Neumann paradox were reduced mainly to modifications or
revisions of the 3ST.
A theoretically consistent solution instead of the von Neumann's 3ST was suggested first by
Guderley [3], who concluded that a supersonic patch exists behind the triple point. The isentropic
solution of Guderley could not eliminate the contradiction in von Neumann's theory since it did not
include a tangential discontinuity; however, it contained two important elements: a reflected shock
wave that was directed against the flow; and a supersonic patch behind the triple point.
The first serious attempt to simulate numerically shock wave reflection under the conditions of
the von Neumann paradox was undertaken by Colella & Henderson [1]. Based on their calculations,
they hypothesized that the reflected shock wave degenerated near the triple point into a continuous
compression wave. However, Olim & Dewey [9] showed that experiments comply with this
hypothesis only when M <1.05, or for wedge angle θ <10o. Under different conditions the
s w
reflected wave propagates with supersonic velocity, and it is a shock wave with finite amplitude.
This suggests that the smearing of the shock wave front in Colella & Henderson’s [1] numerical
calculations was a numerical artifact of their shock capturing scheme, and that numerical flow
modeling in the vicinity of a triple point requires a considerably higher resolution.
Calculations performed by Vasilev [10] using a numerical scheme with a very high resolution
and new front tracking techniques confirmed the principal points of Guderley’s solution. The
calculations revealed the existence of an expansion fan emerging from the triple point with a
supersonic patch behind it. These results allowed formulating a four-wave theory, 4WT, that
completely resolved the von Neumann paradox. It was shown that the four-wave theory complies
fairly well with the experimental results of Olim & Dewey [9]. Vasilev & Kraiko [2] performed
similar calculations on adaptive grids. Using extrapolation they showed that the numerical results
agreed with a generalized three-wave/four-wave theory in the whole range of the wedge angles, θ .
w
Vasilev [11] showed numerically that for weak shock waves a very small logarithmic singularity
with very large (infinite) gradients of the flow variables is formed in the vicinity of a triple point.
The curvature of the reflected shock wave at the triple point also approached infinity. Because of
the large curvature of the reflected shock wave the subsonic flow behind it converges and becomes
supersonic. Owing to the small sizes of both the singularity and of the supersonic zone they could
not be detected in experiments with affordable resolution, and probably this was an additional
reason for the emergence of von Neumann paradox. The solution also revealed the existence of
configurations where the flow behind the Mach stem is subsonic with a supersonic flow region,
which is in contact with the shock waves only at the triple point. Such a configuration is different
from that described by Guderley since it cannot be described using his potential isentropic flow
model.
The final closure to the 50-year history of the von Neumann paradox was achieved recently by
Skews & Ashworth [4] who detected, in their unique experiments using a large-scale installation,
the above-mentioned expansion fan.

Present Study
The analytical approach for describing the MR wave configuration, three-shock theory – 3ST,
makes use of the conservation equations of mass, normal momentum, tangential momentum and
energy across the three shock waves (incident, reflected and Mach stem) and appropriate boundary
conditions, which arise from the fact that states (2) and (3) of an MR are separated by a slipstream
across which the pressure remains constant, and the streamlines are parallel, θ ±θ =θ . The latter
1 2 3
boundary condition divides the 3ST into two types:
• A “standard” three-shock theory for which θ −θ =θ
1 2 3
• An “non-standard” three-shock theory for which θ +θ =θ .
1 2 3
Materials Science Forum Vol. 566 3
Colella & Henderson [1] concluded that:
• When the solution of the governing equations of the 3ST results in a standard
solution,θ −θ =θ , the reflection is an MR, and
1 2 3
• When the solution of the governing equations of the 3ST results in a non-standard
solution,θ +θ =θ , the reflection is a vNR.
1 2 3
As will be shown subsequently while the first conclusion is correct the second one is only
partially correct since there are cases in which the 3ST does have a non-standard solution but the
solution is not physical. Hence, the second conclusion should be modified to read:
• When the solution of the governing equations of the 3ST results in a non-standard solution,
θ +θ =θ , the reflection is a vNR provided that the solution is physical.
1 2 3
It should be noted here that this conclusion contradicts the concept forwarded by Colella &
Henderson [1] that the vNR resolves the “von Neumann paradox” in which wave configurations
similar to MR occur in situations for which the 3ST does not have a solution. As just indicated, the
vNR takes place not when the 3ST does not have a solution but when the 3ST provides a “non-
standard” solution, i.e., a solution for which θ +θ =θ rather than θ −θ =θ as is the case of a
1 2 3 1 2 3
“standard” solution, which results in an MR.
Now that the picture is clear when the 3ST provides standard and non-standard solutions that are
physical, there are still two unresolved situations:
1) The 3ST provides a “non-standard” solution, which is mathematical but not physical.
2) There are experimental situations in which the recorded reflections resemble MR wave
configurations in a domain where the 3ST does not provide any solution (the I- and R-
polars do not intersect at all). This, in fact, is the “von Neumann paradox”.
As it turns out, this paradox was resolved almost over 60 years ago by Guderley [3], who
claimed that in addition to the well-known three shock waves that meet at the triple point, there are
cases in which a very tiny Prandtl-Meyer expansion fan complements the wave configuration.
Hence, rather then a three-shock wave confluence there is a four-wave confluence (three shocks and
one expansion). For this reason, it should not be surprising that the 3ST failed to describe this
reflection since it never intended to model a four wave confluence. Following Skews & Ashworth
[4] this reflection, which is shown schematically in Fig.1c, is named after Guderley and is called
Guderley refection, GR.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 1: Schematic illustration of the wave configurations of (a) von Neumann reflection, vNR, (b)
the newly presented reflection, ?R, and (c) the Guderley reflection, GR. The gray denotes subsonic
flow

Unfortunately, however, as it turned out, the forgoing presentation still does not provide a full
picture of the entire phenomenon, since as will be shown subsequently, there are situations between
the domains inside which the resulted reflections are a vNR and a GR for which none of these two
reflection configurations is possible, and there is a yet another wave configuration there.
This is shown in the followings by means of the evolution of the (I−R)-polars combinations as
the complementary wedge angle, θC =90°−φ , is decreased from an initial value of 41°, for which
w 1