Exploring work life balance amongst female flight attendants at selected airlines in the Western

124 Pages·2017·4.67 MB·English

Exploring work life balance amongst female
flight attendants at selected airlines in the
Western Cape

By
Raeesa Moosa

Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Commerce in Industrial Psychology in the Faculty of Economic and management
Sciences at the University of the Western Cape

Supervisor: Dr Jurgen Becker
Co-Supervisor: Prof. Bright Mahembe
December 2017
Declaration
By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work
contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the owner of the copyright
thereof (unless to the extent explicitly otherwise stated) and that I have not previously
in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification.

Date: 13 December 2017

Raeesa Moosa
Signature_________________ Date____________

Copyright © 2017 University of the Western Cape
All rights reserved

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Abstract
Work life balance has become an increasing concern for most employees,
organisations and industries, not only in South Africa but in many countries around
the world. Work life balance has some implications for quality of life. Quality of life
is becoming increasingly popular as many individuals are pursuing careers that make
work life balance possible. However, due to an increase in the demand of work
responsibilities as well as domestic duties, many struggle to find the balance which
results in negative consequences for both organisations and individual workers. With
a changing world and workforce, women are rapidly entering the workforce and
challenging the status quo. Nonetheless, women’s employment allows greater ability
to negotiate for fairness in the marital relationship and to question the role of a woman
in today’s society.
However, despite this, society seems to have created a norm whereby many women
and men still feel that it is a woman’s responsibility to maintain the household and to
take care of children. This may be specifically challenging for female flight attendants
that typically work long hours and are away from home very often. Despite these
challenges, this domain is still dominated by women. Global Staff (2017) reported on
the latest flight attendant statistics stating that females make up 75.9% of the
workforce. Along with an unpredictable working schedule, many flight attendants
experience work life imbalance. There are possibilities that female flight attendants
are potentially at a greater risk of facing familial conflict pressures than their male
counterparts.
Many factors contribute to female flight attendants not experiencing sufficient work
life balance including irregular and long working hours, travelling, spending a lot of
time away from home and the inflexibility of time schedules. Considering the negative
consequences of experiencing high level of work life imbalance – it is important to
investigate the possible sources that give rise to these perceptions. In this study, the
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researcher explored the lived experiences of female flights attendants in the Western
Cape.

Although work life balance has been researched on amongst various contexts and
disciplines, there still remains a gap in the aviation industry. This research study aims
to promote research on the work life balance of female flight attendants. A qualitative
approach was used and 6 female flight attendants participated in this study. Content
analyses was used to analyse the data .The content analyses suggest that female flight
attendants experience various work challenges related to the display of emotional
labour, domestic duties, working hours and health risks and employ a wide range of
coping strategies to deal with the work and life stressors. These themes, along with
the sub-themes are presented and discussed in chapter 4 and 5. The results of the
current study have direct implications on the working practices of women flight
attendants.

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Keywords
Work life balance, Female flight attendants, Shift work, Western Cape.

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Dedication

The completion of this thesis is dedicated to my beautiful mother.

“My mother was the most beautiful woman I ever saw. I attribute all my success in
life to the moral, intellectual and physical education I received from her”
George Washington

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Acknowledgements
Firstly and most importantly to My Beautiful Mother, I don’t even know where to
begin. The completion of my master’s degree is only because of you. I remember how
you fought to get me into the master’s programme and always being my number one
supporter. You were always so proud of me. I hope today I am making you proud! I
wish you were here to witness this day. If it wasn’t for you, I wouldn’t have been here
today. I love and miss you so much!
To the Almighty who gave me the strength and ability to complete my masters
especially during the tough times that I went through.
To my brother, I know these past two years have been tough for both of us but you
still managed to be the stronger one and kept motivating me to keep going and to
work hard in remembrance of our mother. I really appreciate all the support and love
you have given me.
To my supervisor, Dr Jurgen Becker, who supported me from day one and always
pushed me to complete my thesis despite the challenges that life has thrown at me.
When I went through the most difficult time of my life, you were there to support me
both personally and academically. I really appreciate all your time, effort and support.
To my co-supervisor, Dr Bright Mahembe, You have been there to assist me from my
honours year. During stressful times, you always managed to make me laugh. Thank
you for all your time, support, extensive academic knowledge and laughs.
To the flight attendants who participated in my study, thank you for giving me some
of your time to participate in my study. This study would have not been possible
without you.
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Lastly, to my friends and family, there are too many names to mention but thank you
for all the support, love and encouragement that you have given throughout these
past two years. It is much appreciated!

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Table of Contents
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ iii
1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Purpose ........................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Research objective ........................................................................................................ 4
1.3 Research Question ................................................................................................................ 4
1.3.1 Sub- questions: ....................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Significance of study ................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Clarification of relevant terms: .................................................................................. 5
1.6 Thesis Overview ........................................................................................................... 5
1.7 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Defining work life balance ........................................................................................ 8
2.3 Historical Context of work life balance ................................................................. 11
2.4 South African legislation .......................................................................................... 11
2.5 Flight attendants ......................................................................................................... 12
2.6 Shift work .................................................................................................................... 15
2.6.1 Shift work and the impact on health ............................................................................ 16
2.7 Dual career couples and work life balance ........................................................... 21
2.8 Work-family conflict.................................................................................................. 23
2.9 Gender .......................................................................................................................... 26
2.10 Workplace Stress ...................................................................................................... 28
2.10.1 Burnout ............................................................................................................................ 30
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 32
3.2 Research Design ......................................................................................................... 32
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3.3 Research Paradigm ..................................................................................................... 33
3.4 Interpretivism ............................................................................................................. 33
3.5 Data Collection Techniques ..................................................................................... 34
Figure 3.1 ..................................................................................................................................... 35
3.5.1 Qualitative approach .............................................................................................. 35
3.5.2 Advantages of qualitative Research .................................................................... 37
3.5.3 Disadvantages of Qualitative Research .............................................................. 37
3.6 Data analysis ............................................................................................................... 37
3.6.1 Content analysis ............................................................................................................... 38
Table 3.1 ...................................................................................................................................... 39
Content analysis process ............................................................................................................... 39
3.7 Research participants ................................................................................................. 39
3.8 Population .................................................................................................................... 40
3.8.1 Sample ....................................................................................................................... 40
Figure 3.2 ..................................................................................................................................... 41
Sampling techniques ..................................................................................................................... 41
3.8.2 Purposive sampling ......................................................................................................... 41
3.8.3 Snowball sampling .......................................................................................................... 41
3.9 Data collection methods ............................................................................................ 42
3.9.1 Interviews .......................................................................................................................... 42
3.9.2 Procedure .................................................................................................................. 43
3.10 Trustworthiness of Research .................................................................................. 43
3.10.1 Credibility ....................................................................................................................... 43
3.10.2 Transferability ................................................................................................................ 44
3.10.3 Dependability ................................................................................................................. 44
3.10.4 Confirmability ................................................................................................................ 45
3.11 Ethical considerations .............................................................................................. 45
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