Table Of ContentWhy Do You Need This New Edition?
If you’re wondering why you should buy this new edition of
Exploring Biological Anthropology, here are 10 good reasons!
1. In this new edition we have moved to the molecular classification system
and call humans and our exclusive ancestors hominins, because this is the
way that most of the recent literature is constructed.
2. New illustration program that includes more than 50 new anatomically
correct bone drawings.
3. New Insights and Advances boxes: Chapter 3, Cloning Controversies,
explores the use of cloning for conservation of endangered species or the
resurrection of extinct species (the mammoth, for example); Chapter 9, Dating
Controversies, now considers applications of new methods to Zhoukoudian
H. erectus site; Chapter 12, The Denisovans, details a new fossil find in Siberia
that is neither Human nor Neandertal; Chapter 14, Peopling of the New
World, includes the Buttermilk Creek site; Chapter 15, If You Have DNA, Why
Bother with Bones, explains the difficulty of using DNA in forensic science.
4. New or revised Innovations boxes: Chapter 4, A New Genetic Era, which focuses
on genetic counseling and clinical application of genetic knowledge; Chapter 12,
Neandertal Genes; and Chapter 13, Symbolism and Human Evolution examines
when in human evolution symbolism started to be i mportant for survival.
5. New Visual Summaries of each chapter.
6. Chapter 4 has updated information on the human genome and the
application of DNA sequence information in a wide range of areas, such as
obesity and the treatment of genetic disease.
7. Chapter 9 includes information on Darwinius masillae, a new, nearly complete
primate from Messel, Germany (nicknamed “Ida”); contains new coverage
of cosmogenic radionuclide dating techniques such as 26Al/ 10Be; and
the earth in the Cenozoic section includes updates to the coverage of stable
carbon isotope ratios.
8. Chapter 10 discusses the implications of more recently published finds of
Ardipithecus and the much younger Burtele foot; covers the recent finds of
Australopithecus sediba.
9. Chapter 11 has new coverage of the recently discovered Gona Pelvis and infor-
mation on the partial mandible from Sima de Elefante; updates on the age of
the last surviving H. erectus; and inclusion of a discussion of the Flores hominin.
10. Chapter 14 includes new research on the evolution of hominin brain size
and shape.
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Exploring
Biological
Anthropology
T H E E S S E N T I A L S
THIRD EDITION
Craig Stanford
University of Southern California
John S. Allen
University of Southern California
Susan C. Antón
New York University
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To Our Parents
Brief Contents
PART I Foundations
1 What Is Biological Anthropology? 3
2 Origins of Evolutionary Thought 13
PART II Mechanisms of Evolution
3 Genetics: Cells and Molecules 31
4 Genetics: From Genotype to Phenotype 59
5 The Forces of Evolution and the Formation of Species 81
6 Human Variation: Evolution, Adaptation, and Adaptability 103
PART III Primates
7 The Primates 137
8 Primate Behavior 175
PART IV The Fossil Record
9 Geology and Primate Origins 197
10 Early Hominins and Australopithecus 237
11 Rise of the Genus Homo 271
12 Archaic Homo sapiens and Neandertals 301
13 The Emergence, Dispersal, and Bioarchaeology of Homo sapiens 333
PART V Biology and Behavior of Modern Humans
14 Evolution of the Brain and Behavior 361
15 Biomedical and Forensic Anthropology 387
Appendix A Primate and Human Comparative Anatomy 422
Appendix B The Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium 427
Appendix C Metric–Imperial Conversions 429
vi
Contents
Preface xii PART II Mechanisms of Evolution
About the Authors xvii
3 Genetics: Cells and Molecules 31
PART I Foundations The Study of Genetics 32
The Cell 33
1 W hat Is Biological
Cell Anatomy 34
Anthropology? 3
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Cloning Controversies 35
Anthropology and Its Subfields 4
DNA Structure and Function 36
The Subfields of Anthropology 5
DNA Structure I: The Molecular Level 36
The Scope of Biological Anthropology 6 DNA Function I: Replication 38
Paleoanthropology 6 DNA Function II: Protein Synthesis 39
Skeletal Biology and Human Osteology 7 DNA Structure II: Chromosomes and Cell
Paleopathology and Bioarchaeology 7 Division 44
Forensic Anthropology 8
Molecular Tools for Bioanthropological Research 49
Primatology 8
Indirect and Direct Research Methods 50
Human Biology 9
PCR, Mitochondrial DNA, and Ancient DNA 50
The Roots of Modern Biological Anthropology 10
INNOVATIONS: DNA Barcoding 54
SUMMARY 11
SUMMARY 56
2 Origins of Evolutionary Thought 13
4 Genetics: From Genotype
What Is Science? 14
to Phenotype 59
The Early Thinkers 15
The Roots of Modern Science 15 From Genotype to Phenotype 60
Linnaeus and the Natural Scheme of Life 16 The ABO Blood Type System 61
Obesity: A Complex Interaction 61
The Road to the Darwinian Revolution 16
The Uniformitarians: Hutton and Lyell 17
Mendelian Genetics 62
The Darwinian Revolution 19 Mendel’s Postulates 64
The Galápagos 19 Linkage and Crossing Over 65
Refining the Theory of Evolution by Natural
Mutation 67
Selection 21
Point Mutation and Sickle Cell Disease 67
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Darwin versus Trinucleotide Repeat Diseases 68
Wallace? 23 Mutations: Bad, Neutral, and Good 68
X-Linked Disorders 70
Science and Creationism 25
Mendelian Genetics in Humans 70
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: What Is Intelligent
Genetics Beyond Mendel 71
Design? 26
Polygenic Traits, the Phenotype, and the
SUMMARY 28 Environment 73
vii
