Exploring Animal Behavior in Laboratory and Field

471 Pages·2021·10.902 MB·English

by  Heather Zimbler-DeLorenzo, Susan W Margulis

Exploring Animal
Behavior in Laboratory
and Field
Second Edition
Edited by
Heather Zimbler-DeLorenzo
Department of Life and Earth Sciences
Perimeter College at Georgia State University
Decatur, GA, United States
Susan W. Margulis
Department of Animal Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation
Department of Biology
Canisius College
Buffalo, NY, United States
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This volume is dedicated to the memories of Penny Bernstein and
Susan Foster. Both were past chairs of the education committee of the
Animal Behavior Society (ABS); both demonstrated a long-term
commitment to the teaching of animal behavior, and to ABS; and they
will be greatly missed.
Contents
Contributors..........................................................................................xxi
Preface................................................................................................xxv
PART 1 Describing behavior
CHAPTER 1 A question of behaviors: how to design, test,
and use an ethogram.............................................3
Olivia S.B.Spagnuolo, DarrenC. Incorvaia,
Elizabeth Tinsley Johnson andEilaK. Roberts
Part I.Studentinstructions................................................4
Learning goals, objectives,and keyconcepts...................4
Background...............................................................4
Purpose.....................................................................7
Methods....................................................................7
Step-by-step instructions..............................................8
Results/discussion.....................................................11
Paper instructions.....................................................13
Conclusions.............................................................14
References...............................................................14
Part II. Instructor notes...................................................15
Classroom management/blocksof analysis....................15
Teaching the activity.................................................15
Part III. Supplementalmaterial.........................................17
CHAPTER 2 Consistency in data collection: creating
operational definitions.........................................19
Heather Zimbler-DeLorenzo
Part I.Studentinstructions..............................................20
Learning goals, objectives,and keyconcepts.................20
Background.............................................................20
Purpose...................................................................21
Methods..................................................................22
Step-by-step instructions............................................22
Results/dataanalysis.................................................24
Discussion questions.................................................26
References...............................................................27
Part II. Facultyinstructions..............................................28
Classroom management.............................................28
Teaching the activity.................................................28
vii
viii Contents
In-class preparation...................................................29
Answer key.............................................................30
PartIII. Supplemental material.........................................31
CHAPTER 3 Observation and inference in observing
human and nonhuman behavior............................33
Susan W. Margulis andPenny L. Bernstein
PartI. Studentinstructions..............................................34
Learninggoals,objectives,andkeyconcepts.................34
Background.............................................................34
Purpose...................................................................36
Part1:Observing Human smiles.................................36
Part2.Observation and inferencewhen observing
nonhuman animals....................................................40
Acknowledgments.....................................................41
References...............................................................42
PartII. Instructor notes...................................................43
Classroom management/blocks ofanalysis....................43
Teaching the activity.................................................43
PartIII. Supplemental material.........................................47
CHAPTER 4 A matter of time: comparing observation
methods...............................................................49
DavidM.Powell and Eli A. Baskir
PartI. Studentinstructions..............................................50
Learninggoalsand objectives.....................................50
Background.............................................................50
Purpose...................................................................52
Behavioral“rules”....................................................52
Methods..................................................................54
Results and discussion...............................................55
References...............................................................56
PartII. Instructor notes...................................................57
Classroom management.............................................57
Teaching the activity (preclass preparation)...................57
Teaching the activity (in-class preparation)...................58
Answers togeneral questions for students.....................61
PartIII. Supplementary materials.....................................61
Contents ix
CHAPTER 5 Who is taking whom for a walk? An observational
study of dogehuman interactions.........................63
Jennifer Mather
Part I.Studentinstructions..............................................63
Background.............................................................64
Purpose...................................................................65
Methods..................................................................65
Results/discussion.....................................................66
Questions................................................................67
References...............................................................67
Part II. Instructor notes...................................................68
Classroom management.............................................68
Question answers......................................................69
Part III. Supplementary material.......................................70
CHAPTER 6 Movement analysis: expanding the resolution
of analysis in animal behavior..............................71
Afra Foroudand Sergio M.Pellis
Part I.Studentinstructions..............................................72
Learning goals, objectives,and keyconcepts.................72
Background information............................................72
Purpose...................................................................74
Methods..................................................................74
Learning exercise 1: the EshkoleWachman Movement
Notation sphere........................................................77
Learning exercise 2: partnerwise orientation..................82
Learning exercise 3: opposition...................................87
The EshkoleWachmanMovement Notationactivity.......87
Results/discussion.....................................................91
Acknowledgment......................................................92
References...............................................................92
Part II. Instructor notes...................................................94
Classroom management/blocksof analysis....................94
Teaching the activity.................................................94
Modifications tothe activity.......................................95
Areas of potential confusion or difficultyfor students.....96
Recommendations for extensionsor continuations
for more advanced classes..........................................97
Answerkey...........................................................102
Part III. Supplementary material......................................104
x Contents
PART 2 Theory of behavior
CHAPTER 7 The evolution of behavior: a phylogenetic
approach...........................................................107
J. Jordan Price andKen Yasukawa
PartI. Studentinstructions.............................................108
Learninggoals,objectives,andkeyconcepts...............108
Background...........................................................108
Building and interpreting phylogenetic trees................109
Using phylogenies toreconstruct the evolutionof
behaviors...............................................................112
Purpose.................................................................113
Methods................................................................113
Activity 1:Whole-class exercise................................114
Definingcharacter states..........................................116
Mapping characters onto the tree...............................117
Results/discussion...................................................117
Questions for in-class discussion...............................118
Activity 2:Small-group projects................................119
References.............................................................119
PartII. Instructor notes..................................................121
Classroom management/blocks ofanalysis..................121
Teaching the activity...............................................121
Areas ofpotential confusion ordifficulty for students...123
Another potential modification to the activity..............124
Answers tothe questionsfor in-class discussion...........124
Appendix: Using Mesquite.......................................126
Creatingand editing trees.........................................128
Discrete character state reconstructionusing
parsimony.............................................................129
CHAPTER 8 Examining variability in the song of
the white-crowned sparrow
(Zonotrichia leucophrys)....................................131
Douglas W. Wacker
PartI. Studentinstructions.............................................132
Learninggoals,objectives,andkeyconcepts...............132
Background...........................................................132
Purpose.................................................................133
Methods................................................................133
Contents xi
Step-by-step instructions..........................................134
Results/discussion...................................................139
References.............................................................140
Part II. Instructor notes..................................................142
Classroom management/blocksof analysis..................142
Teaching the activity...............................................142
Answerkey...........................................................144
Part III. Supplementary material data sheets......................146
CHAPTER 9 Learning to be winners and losers:
agonistic behavior in crayfish.............................147
Elizabeth M.JakobandChadD. Hoefler
Part I.Studentinstructions.............................................148
Learning goals, objectives,and keyconcepts...............148
Background...........................................................148
Purpose.................................................................148
Methods................................................................149
Step-by-step instructions..........................................149
Results/discussion...................................................152
For further discussion..............................................152
References.............................................................153
Part II. Instructor notes..................................................154
Classroom management...........................................154
Teaching the activity...............................................154
Answerkeyfor discussionquestions..........................155
Optional extensions.................................................156
Part III. Supplementary material......................................156
CHAPTER 10 Love is blind: investigating the perceptual
world of a courting parasitoid.............................157
Robert W. MatthewsandJanice R. Matthews
Part I.Studentinstructions.............................................158
Learning goals, objectives,and keyconcepts...............158
Background information..........................................158
Purpose.................................................................159
Methods andmaterials.............................................160
Part 1. Observing interactions...................................161
Part 2. Observing Melittobia sexualbehaviors.............164
Part 3. Determining courtship attractioncues...............166
xii Contents
Part4.Results and data analysis................................170
Questions for discussion..........................................171
PartII. Instructor notes..................................................173
Classroom management...........................................173
Teaching the activity...............................................173
In-class preparation.................................................178
Sample observational results.....................................180
Sample numerical results.........................................185
Answer keyto “questionsfor discussion”...................186
References.............................................................191
PartIII. Supplementary material......................................192
CHAPTER 11 Are squirrels and ants smart shoppers?
How foraging choices may meet current
and future needs................................................193
SylviaL. Halkin and Alicia M. Bray
PartI. Studentinstructions.............................................194
Learninggoals,objectives,andkeyconcepts...............194
Background...........................................................194
Purpose.................................................................196
Methods................................................................196
Option1:Squirrels..................................................197
Option2:Ants (family:Formicidae)..........................205
Questions for discussion..........................................211
Acknowledgments...................................................212
References.............................................................212
Further reading.......................................................214
PartII. Instructor notes..................................................215
Squirrels...............................................................215
Ants(family:Formicidae)........................................224
Answers todiscussion questions (these applyto
both the squirrelandthe ant exercises).......................228
PartIII. Supplementary material......................................230
CHAPTER 12 Predators strike and prey counterstrike..............231
Eduardo Bessa
PartI. Studentinstructions.............................................232
Learninggoals,objectives,andkeyconcepts...............232
Background...........................................................232
Purpose.................................................................233
Methods................................................................233
Materials...............................................................233
Contents xiii
Procedure..............................................................233
Results/discussion...................................................234
Questions..............................................................235
References.............................................................235
Part II. Instructor notes..................................................237
Classroom management/blocksof analysis..................237
Materials...............................................................237
Data analysis.........................................................238
Areas of potential confusion or difficultyfor students...238
Recommendations for extensionsor continuationsfor
more advanced classes.............................................239
Answerkey...........................................................239
Part III. Supplementary material......................................240
CHAPTER 13 The circle game: intergenerational
transmission and modification of solutions
to a universal need............................................241
AndrewGoldklank Fulmer
Part I.Studentinstructions.............................................242
Learning goals, objectives,and keyconcepts...............242
Background...........................................................242
Purpose.................................................................243
Methods................................................................243
Results/discussion...................................................244
Discussion questions...............................................244
Acknowledgement..................................................245
References.............................................................245
Part II. Instructor notes..................................................246
Classroom management/blocksof analysis..................246
Teaching the activity...............................................246
Samples of results...................................................247
Discussion questions...............................................248
CHAPTER 14 Demonstrating strategies for solving the
prisoner’s dilemma.............................................251
Heather Zimbler-DeLorenzo and Kathleen Morgan
Part I.Studentinstructions.............................................252
Learning goals, objectives,and keyconcepts...............252
Background...........................................................252
Purpose.................................................................255
Methods................................................................255
Results anddiscussion.............................................258