Table Of ContentExploration of the Polar Upper Atmosphere
NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES SERIES
Proceedings of the Advanced Study Institute Programme, which aims
at the dissemination of advanced knowledge and
the formation of contacts among scientists from different countries
The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction
with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
B Physics London and New York
C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company
Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London
D Behavioural and Sijthoff & Noordhoff International
Social Sciences Publishers
E Applied Sciences Alphen aan den Rijn and Germantown
U.S.A.
Series C - Mathematical and Physical Sciences
Volume 64 - Exploration of the Polar Upper Atmosphere
Exploration of the
Polar Upper Atmosphere
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute
held at Lillehammer, Norway, May 5-16, 1980
edited by
C. S. DEEHR
Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska,
Fairbanks, Alaska, U.S.A.
and
J. A. HOLTET
Institute of Physics, University of Oslo,
Oslo, Norway
D. Reidel Publishing Company
Dordrech t : Holland / Boston: U.S.A. / London: England
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Nato Advanced Study Institute, Lillehammer, Norway, 1980
Exploration of the polar upper atmosphere.
(NATO advanced study institutes series: Series C, Mathematical and
physical sciences; v. 64)
Includes index.
1. Atmosphere, Upper-Polar regions-Congresses. I. Deehr, C. S.
II. Holtet, Jan A. III. Title. IV. Series.
QC878.5.N37 1980 551.5'14'0911 80-29055
ISBN-13: 978-94-009-8419-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-8417-2
001: 10.1007/978-94-009-8417-2
Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company
P. O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, Holland
Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada
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All Rights Reserved
Copyright © 1981 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland
Solicover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1981
No part of ihc material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized
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without written permission from the copyright owner
CONTENTS
Preface lX
Nordlys (The Northern Lights) Xl
w STOFFREGEN
Participants Xlll
PART I: THE NEUTRAL POLAR ATMOSPHERE ABOVE THE TROPOPAUSE
Tutorial Leader: H E VOLLAND
Middle Atmosphere Dynamics and Composition 1
M A GELLER
Dynamics of the Thermosphere during Quiet and Disturbed
Conditions 17
H E VOLLAND
Wind Induced Composition Effects at High Latitudes 31
H G MAYR and I HARRIS
PART II: THE POLAR IONOSPHERE
Tutorial Leaders: P Stubbe (F-Region)
L Thomas (D- and F-Region)
The Polar F-Region - Theory 55
H KOHL
Radio Observations of the Auroral F-Region 67
T B JONES
Modification of the F-Region by Powerful Radio Waves 83
P STUBBE and H KOPKA
The Lower Ionosphere at High Latitudes 99
L THOMAS
Energy Sources of the High Latitude Upper Atmosphere 113
P M BANKS
vi TABLE or CONTENTS
Techniques for Observing D-Region Ionization 129
o HOLT
Auroral Radio Absorption in Relation to Magnetospheric
Particles 143
P N COLLIS, J K HARGREAVES and A KORTH
PART III: OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING OF THE POLAR ATMO-
SPHERE AND IONOSPHERE
Tutorial Leader: G G Shepherd
Optical Remote Sensing of the Polar Upper Atmosphere 149
G G SHEPHERD
Polar Cap Optical Emissions Observed from the ISIS2 159
Satellite
L L COGGER
Optical Emissions ~n the Polar Auroral E-Region 165
E J LLEWELLYN and B H SOLHEIM
A review of Optical F-Region Processes ~n the Polar
Atmosphere 175
J-C GERARD
Neutral Winds ~n the Polar Cap 189
R W SMITH
Difference in Polar Atmospheric Optical Emissions between
Mid-Day and Night-Time Auroras 199
G G SIVJEE and C S DEEHR
PART IV: SOLAR-MAGNETOSPHERE-POLAR ATMOSPHERE INTERACTIONS
Tutorial Leader: J G Roederer
The Solar Wind-Magnetosphere-Ionosphere System:
An Overview 209
J G ROEDERER
The Distant Magnetosphere: Reconnection ~n the
Boundary Layers, Cusps and Tail Lobes 219
G HAERENDEL
Plasma Sheet Dynamics: Effects on, and Feedback from,
the Polar Ionosphere 229
V M VASYLIUNAS
TABLE Of CONTENTS vii
Relationships between the Solar Wind and the Polar
Cap Magnetic Activity 245
A BERTHELIER
Auroral Morphology: A Television Image of Solar and
Magnetospheric Activity 259
C S DEEHR, G J ROMICK and G G SIVJEE
PART V: ELECTRIC FIELDS AND CURRENTS AT HIGH LATITUDES
Tutorial Leader: T. Stockflet J¢rgensen
Electric Fields in the Dayside Auroral Region 267
T STOCKFLET J0RGENSEN
Electric Fields and Electrostatic Potentials in the
High Latitude Ionosphere 281
P M BANKS, J-P ST.MAURICE, R A HEELIS and W B HANSON
Spatial Variations of Ionospheric Electric Fields at
High Latitudes on Magnetic Quiet Days 293
ZI MINYUN and E NIELSEN
Electric Field Measurements with Balloons 305
I B IVERSEN
High Latitude Ionospheric Currents 315
E FRIIS-CHRISTENSEN
ISIS Observations of Auroral Particles and Large-Scale
Birkeland Currents 329
D M KLUMPAR
PART VI: WAVES AND PARTICLES IN THE POLAR REGIONS
Tutorial Leader: R Gendrin
Some Aspects of ULF Waves Observed Onboard GEOS Related
to Convection, Heating and Precipitation Processes 337
R GENDRIN
Electron Cyclotron Waves in the Earth's Magnetosphere 355
P J CHRISTIANSEN, M P GOUGH and K RONNMARK
Magnetospheric Hot Plasma Measurements in Relation to
Wave-Particle Interactions on High-Latitude Magnetic
Field Lines 367
B HULTQVIST
viii T ABLE OF CONTrNTS
Mechanisms for Intense Relativistic Electron
Precipitation 381
R M THORNE and L J ANDREOLI
Electrostatic Waves in the Ionosphere 395
E UNGSTRUP
PART VII: HISTORICAL EXPLORATION OF THE POLAR UPPER ATMOSPHERE
Tutorial Leader: A Brekke
The Changing Aurora of the Past Three Centuries 407
S M SILVERMAN and J FEYNMAN
Aurorae, Sunspots and Weather, Mainly Since A.D. 1200 421
D J SCHOVE
Ancient Norwegian Literature ~n Relation to the
Auroral Oval 431
A BREKKE and A EGELAND
On the Literature of the Aurora ~n Nordic Countries 443
S M SILVERMAN
PART VIII: APPLICATIONS OF POLAR UPPER ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH
Tutorial Leader: E V Thrane
Effects of Ionospheric Disturbances on High Latitude
Radio Wave Propagation 449
T R(/)ED LARSEN
The Variability and Predictability of the Main
Ionospheric Trough 463
A S RODGER and M PINNOCK
A Report from the International Solar-Terrestrial
Prediction Workshop. Boulder 23-27 April 1979. 471
E V THRANE
EI and F Region Predictions for Communication Purposes
at High Latitudes 481
R D HUNSUCKER
SUBJECT INDEX 495
PREFACE
This book is an ordered collection of tutorial lectures on the
physical processes in the polar upper atmosphere given at the
NATO Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on "The Exploration of the
Polar Upper Atmosphere" held at Lillehammer, Norway, May 5-16,
1980.
The polar cap is an important part of the high latitude
atmosphere not only because of circulation and horizontal trans-
port in the neutral atmosphere and convection in the ionosphere,
but also because of its unique energy sources and sinks. In
addition, solar wind plasma is led into-the upper atmosphere by
the geomagnetic field at the poles, and the polar cap is, as
stated by Tutorial Leader Roederer in this volume, "the place
where outer space meets earth".
The atmosphere at lower latitudes is well-known to the
ground-based observer, and the advent of satellite observations
was simply the beginning of a new perspective. The exploration
of the atmosphere at polar latitudes, however, proceeded in quite
the opposite manner, and satellite maps of the polar caps may be
compared with a relatively meagre set of ground-based data.
Recent efforts to extend the polar observations from the ground
have resulted in the need for a review of the physical principles
and processes occurring in the polar upper atmosphere. The
interdisciplinary nature of these efforts led to the emphasis
here on a tutorial program.
The ASI was structured according to the physical regions of
the atmosphere and the means of exploring them. Nine sessions
were each organized by a tutorial leader to describe the region
of interest both to the advanced student and workers in the field
of magnetospheric and upper atmospheric physics.
Consistent with the spirit of polar exploration was the
setting of the ASI in the native countryside of many accomplished
polar explorers. Consistent also with the breadth of interest
ix
c S. Ded1r and J. A. Holter (eds.) , Exploration of the Polar Upper Atmosphere, ix-·x.
Co",'right ~) 1980 hy D. Reidel Publishing COII/pany.
x PREFACE
and talent of men such as Nansen, were the extracurricular
presentations such as a tour of the Folk Museum of Gudbrands
Valley, "Maihaugen", a lecture on neurological functions affecting
auroral observations by J. Roederer, an organ concert in Lille-
hammer Church by V. Vasyliunas, and the first edition of a
musical work for piano and string quartet set to the words of a
poem by the Norwegian poet Caspari called "Nordlyset" (The
Northern Lights) by W. Stoffregen. Activities in a lighter vein
included the installation of W.R. Piggot as Grand Master of the
International Union for Merging of the Poles (lUMP). He then
appointed as Knights Errant Egeland, Roederer, Schove, Stoffregen
and Vasyliunas, for their scientific and humanistic contributions
to The International Magnetic Field.
The success of this ASI was due in large part to the un-
heralded efforts of the Secretariat: Anne-Sophie Andresen and
Elisabeth Iversen.
Charles Deehr Jan Holtet
Fairbanks Oslo
August 1980
