Table Of ContentIt has been shown that we learn by doing. Perhaps engineering students
especially will better understand the principles of heat transfer and thermo-
dynamics by conducting experiments and seeing results.
This book presents a collection of experiments in heat transfer and thermo-
dynamics contributed by leading engineering educators. The experiments have
been tested, evaluated, and proved to be successful for classroom use. They
are fun and challenging.
Each experiment follows a similar step-by-step format, which includes the
objective of the experiment, apparatus needed, procedure, suggested head-
ings, and references. The experiments use apparatus that is easily built or
obtained.
Among the topics covered are heat conduction, convection, boiling, mix-
ing, diffusion, radiation, heat pipes and exchangers, and thermodynamics.
Appendixes include lists of short experiments and demonstrations that have
appeared in the literature, along with lists of available films and audiovisual
materials and where to get them.
Designed to serve as a companion to standard heat transfer and thermo-
dynamics texts, this book will be a useful and appealing resource for engineer-
ing students.
Experiments in heat transfer and thermodynamics
Experiments
in heat transfer
and thermodynamics
Edited by
Robert A. Granger
Professor of Mechanical Engineering
United States Naval Academy
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE university press
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Cambridge University Press
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Published in the United States of America by
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Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521449250
© Cambridge University Press 1994
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 1994
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
Experiments in heat transfer and thermodynamics / edited by Robert A. Granger,
p. cm.
ISBN 0-521-45115-9 (hardback). - ISBN 0-521-44925-1 (pbk.)
1. Heat — Transmission — Experiments. 2. Thermodynamics—Experiments.
I. Granger, Robert Alan.
TJ260.E97 1994
fei.402'2'078 - dc20 93-29702
CIP
ISBN 978-0-521-45115-4 Hardback
ISBN 978-0-521-44925-0 Paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or
accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in
this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is,
or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel
timetables, and other factual information given in this work is correct at
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the accuracy of such information thereafter.
Man should have heroes. This book is dedicated to mine.
To Stephen W. Hawking of Cambridge University, who on contem-
plating the origin of the universe stated, "Entropy and disorder in-
crease with time because we measure time in the direction in which
disorder increases."*
To John H. Nickerson of Stamford, CT, who makes order out of
disorder.
* "Quantum cosmology," 300 Years of Gravitation, eds. S. W. Hawking and W. Israel,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987, p. 648.
Contents
Preface page xi
Introduction xiii
Part I Experiments in heat transfer
1.1 Conduction 3
Experiment 1 Critical radius of insulation 5
Experiment 2 The regelation of ice - the effect of heat
conduction 9
Experiment 3 Unsteady heat conduction in a sphere 16
Experiment 4 Heat conduction in materials with
nonhomogeneous structure 19
Experiment 5 Measurement of thermal conductivity of
solids during chemical reactions 23
Experiment 6 Temperature measurements in a
transparent material: Application of the
holographic interferometry 33
1.2 Convection 41
Experiment 7 A forced convection heat-transfer
experiment 43
Experiment 8 Reynolds analogy for mass transfer 49
Experiment 9 Natural-convection melting of a slab of ice 54
Experiment 10 Forced-convection heat loss from 3D solids 61
Experiment 11 Forced and free convective heat transfer of
a laminar flow in a horizontal heated pipe 66
Experiment 12 Measurement of convective heat-transfer
coefficients on external surfaces 76
Experiment 13 Measurement of local heat-transfer
coefficient on the ice surface around
isothermally cooled cylinders arranged in
a line 82
Experiment 14 Experiments of unsteady forced convection
vu
Vlll Contents
in ducts with timewise variation of inlet
temperature 88
Experiment 15 Measurement of heat and mass transfer
from a body in air-water mist flow 99
Experiment 16 Measurement of transient/steady
heat-transfer coefficient with simultaneous
photography of flow processes from beneath
the heater surface 112
1.3 Boiling 125
Experiment 17 Capillary-tube boiling 127
Experiment 18 Two characteristic regions of nucleate pool
boiling and corresponding change of
hydrodynamic state 135
Experiment 19 The boiling slide 142
Experiment 20 Evaporation and boiling in sessile drops on
a heated surface 147
1.4 Mixing, dispersion, and diffusion 155
Experiment 21 Determination of the binary diffusion
coefficient in a liquid mixture 157
Experiment 22 Diffusion distillation: A separation
method for azeotropic mixtures 165
L5 Radiation 171
Experiment 23 Determination of the emissivity of a heated
copper surface 173
1.6 Heat pipes and exchangers 179
Experiment 24 Performance characteristics of an annular
heat pipe 181
Experiment 25 Heat transfer during drop formation and
release 192
Part II Experiments in thermodynamics
Experiment 26 Effect of surface condition on attainable
superheat of water 205
Experiment 27 Experiments for compressibility and vapor
pressure 208
Experiment 28 Determination of time constants
Experiment 29 Very fast versus very slow processes: Which 217
are more efficient (closer to reversibility)?
Experiment 30 Determination of volumetric fraction of 223
each phase in multiphase flow
Experiment 31 Measurement of the latent heat of 230
vaporization of a liquid
240
