Table Of ContentEJEPBBIMEMTAL STUDIES ON ME UTILIZATION OP LEV0LQBE
II. SIMULTANEOUS INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF GLUCOSE
AMD FRUCTOSE IN NORMAL AMD DIABETIC PATIKHTS.
III. EFFECT OF SATURATION WITH FRUCTOSE ON THE TOLERANCE
TO INVERT SUGAR.
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A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the re
quirements for the degree of doctor of Philosophy* in
the Department of Biochemistry in the Graduate
College of the State University of imm
August, 1951
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The author wish©© to take this opportunity to
express hi® sincere appreciation to Professor P. B. Gibson
for his excellent advice and objective criticisn through
out the course of this study* My thanks to Dr. Carr and
Dr. Sinton of the Medical service of this Hospital for
their help in working out the clinical problems involved*
and also my- thank© to Dr* Daua and the nutrition staff
for the planning and serving of the special diets.
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Fart I of the * Experimental Studies on the
Utilisation of Leeuloso* warn mbtitled* *GXyeolyei* of
Levuloeo" and «m presented in a theel* for the degree of
Maeter of Selene# in February* 1950* In Fart X# the term
“levulooe* was need throughout* but In Farts II and IXX»
the term *fructose* Is used interehengeablr with leruXoee.
this does not represent an' lnaonslatency but rather an
attempt to conform to current paper* in the literature In
which both word** "loiruloa** and ffruetoee* are used inter**
chsngeably*
Also* in order to avoid confusion It might be
wise at this point to define the word *ttt 111 cation41 m
used in this paper* The author uses the word "utilisation*
to mean only the removal of the sugar from the blood with
out Its sutoseonent appearance in the urine*
ill
hamm or omtmm
Xittrdduetieii 1
llxperiiaacntaX Subjects. * . 4
*
Diet d
Experimental Procedures. 7
MmttB oaf Part XX . . , * %t
Heeulta of Fart XXI. * . 2%
Discussion . 3*
Biochemical Aspect®
Clinical Aspects. . ** 33i0
Summary and Conclusion®,, 41
Appendix 42
* , ♦ . . . „ .
Bibliography 46
*
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vm*
Graph 1 ATerag# Total Blood Sugar and Blood
Glnao## Tim# Cumr#® Following Admin*
iotration of 10 For Cont Xavort Sugar
Solution in Dlabetio and fton*Mabotle
Bubjoot# * . . . . ♦ ................ IS
Graph 2 Avorago Blood Fruotooo fim# Curt##
Following Xntravonou® Administration
of 10 tor Coat Xaoort Sugar Solution
in m&betio and Bon*0i®b#tto Subject®♦ * 19
Graph 3 Ararat# Gram# of urinary Sugar Follow*
lug XatraYooott# Mmlniotration of 10
For Goat Invert Sugar Solution In
Diabetic and N6fi*4>labetlo Sub loot# . . * 20
Graph Average Gram# of Urinary Sugar Follow*
lug Xntrawereu# Administration of 10
For Cent invert Sugar Solution. Before
and Aftor Saturation With Fruetoee . * . 30
t
TABLE OF TABLES
Table
t Total Blood Sugar Value® Following Intravenous
Administration of 10 Per Cent Invert Sugar
Solution . . . * * • W
II Blood Glucose Value® Following Intravenoue
Administration of 10 Per Cent Invert Sugar
Solution ........................ • . * • 15
XIX Blood Fructose Values Following Intravenous
Administration of 10 Per Cent invert Sugar
Solution . ♦ . .................. lo
IV Grams of Urinary Sugar Following Infusion of
100 Gram® invert Sugar . . . . . . . ....... 17
V Total Blood Sugar Levels Following Intravenous
Administration of 10 Per Cent Invert Sugar Solu- ^
tlon Before and After Saturation With Fructose 23
VI Blood Glucose
ministration ox ______ —____ _ _ _______
Before and After Saturation With Fructose. * • 24
VII Blood Fructose Levels Following Intravenous
Administration of 10 Per Cent Invert Sugar Solu
tion Before and After Saturation With Fructose 25
VIII Grams of Urinary Sugar Following Intravenous
Administration of 10 Per Cent Sugar Solution
Before and After Saturation With Fructose. . . 26
IX Capillary and Venous Blood Sugar Concentrations
Following Intravenous Administration of 10 Per
Cent Invert Sugar Solution Before Saturation
With Fructose.................... 2?
X Capillary and Venous Blood Sugar Concentrations
Following Intravenoue Administration of 10 Per
Cent Invert Sugar Solution After Saturation
With Fructose...................... 28
XI Ratios of Capillary Glucose to Venous Glucose
and of Capillary Fructose to Venous Fructose
Before ana After Saturation With Fructose. . , 29
vi
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The investigation® presented, in this paper have
tv© alms* First# is a further elucidation of the role
played by fructose in the metabolic scheme. Secondly#
recent report® concerning the Intravenous administration
of equal mixture® of fructose and glucose in the form of
invert sugar have suggested the need for an evaluation of
their use in the diabetic subject, fhi® study 1® divided
into two part®. Fart 11 is a comparison of the tolerance
to invert sugar between normal individual® and subject®
with diabetes Mllltus. Fart III 1® concerned with the
effects of a high fructose Intake on the tolerance to invert
sugar in six normal subjects. From the result® of these
studies# two major conclusion® are readily apparent. I ovu
les® 1® utilised more readily in both normal and diabetics
than i® glucose# and secondly# that a high levulae© intake
markedly stimulate® the tel®ranee to both sugars *
the- primary attention of worker® in the field of
carbohydrate metabolism ha® been directed toward th© eluci
dation of the mechanism of glucose a® aim Hat ion# storage#
and oxidation by the animal body. Many observation® have
been made# and much data have been collected concerning
these three step®t md in most Cases the intermediate
2
prc&nct® have been isolated and Identified# or postulated.
However* the Importance of the keto-lsoraer of
glucose# fructose* ha® been neglected until recently. smb.
neglect though has not been deliberate# hut 1m& th# result
of a lack of a suitable analytical method fe*> separating
fructose from glucose in biological madia* In 193®* Herbert
(1) -published a micro method for th® determination of fruc
tose in body- fluids# based on the diphonylamlne reaction
devised by 1)ische (2) for the determination of ke to-sugars
in nucleic acids. frie r to the work, of Herbert# the studies
on fructose were based on ebeertatlens of the total h#jto#e#
present* and many of the resultant conclusion® were jftiibjeet
to criticism on these grounds,
Mayer and cfeerbcrt (3) administered glucose and
fructose in the form of invert sugar* intravenously during
World War t when they were unable to obtain pure glucose*
Following the war when glucose again became available# they
continued to use Invert sugar* In 19**2* during World War
II* terr and Pauly {4} suggested a. method for the prepara
tion of invert sugar in five per cent solution for intra
venous administration# and recommended It as a substitute
for glucose in parenteral feeding* Weinstein (5) (&) inflated
Invert sugar rapidly and concluded that it could be
administered twice a® fm% m m equal m&rnt of glumm
to the some subject with ntn©ty**nin« per cent utilisation*
teieheellM»ai» Elman? end Lund <?) studied the effects of
the intravenous administration of ten per cent fructose
solution® and ten per cent glucose solutions* given
separately to ten human subject®* they confirmed the
observations of Weinstein* that even with rapid rates of
Infusion very little fructose appeared, in the urine as
Compared with the lose of glucose? when the same quantity
was infused in the same length of time*
Part 111 of this study was suggested by the
observation that when equal quantities of glucose and
fructose were administered simultaneously* the blood and
urine levels of glucose were approximately twice that of
fructose, There are several pcaeible explanations for this
observation and they will be considered in the discussion.,
the primary concern * however* was to determine the effect
of a high fructose diet* supplemented with the oral admin
istration of fructose m the tolerance of the individual to
invert sugar.
