Table Of ContentNeuromethods 116
Miroslaw Janowski Editor
Experimental
Neurosurgery
in Animal Models
N
EUROMETHODS
Series Editor
Wolfgang Walz
University of Saskatchewan
Saskatoon, SK , Canada
For further volumes:
h ttp://www.springer.com/series/7657
Experimental Neurosurgery
in Animal Models
Edited by
Miroslaw Janowski
The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research
Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA;
NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Warsaw, Poland;
Department of Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Warsaw, Poland
Editor
Miroslaw J anowski
The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science
Division of MR Research Institute for Cell Engineering
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA
NeuroRepair Department
Mossakowski Medical Research Centre
Warsaw, Poland
Department of Neurosurgery
Mossakowski Medical Research Centre
Warsaw, Poland
ISSN 0893-2336 ISSN 1940-6045 (electronic)
Neuromethods
ISBN 978-1-4939-3728-8 ISBN 978-1-4939-3730-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-3730-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016939947
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2 016
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Preface to t he Series
Experimental life sciences have two basic foundations: concepts and tools. The N euromethods
series focuses on the tools and techniques unique to the investigation of the nervous system
and excitable cells. It will not, however, shortchange the concept side of things as care has
been taken to integrate these tools within the context of the concepts and questions under
investigation. In this way, the series is unique in that it not only collects protocols but also
includes theoretical background information and critiques which led to the methods and
their development. Thus it gives the reader a better understanding of the origin of the
techniques and their potential future development. The N euromethods publishing program
strikes a balance between recent and exciting developments like those concerning new ani-
mal models of disease, imaging, in vivo methods, and more established techniques, includ-
ing, for example, immunocytochemistry and electrophysiological technologies. New
trainees in neurosciences still need a sound footing in these older methods in order to apply
a critical approach to their results.
Under the guidance of its founders, Alan Boulton and Glen Baker, the N euromethods
series has been a success since its fi rst volume published through Humana Press in 1985.
The series continues to fl ourish through many changes over the years. It is now published
under the umbrella of Springer Protocols. While methods involving brain research have
changed a lot since the series started, the publishing environment and technology have
changed even more radically. Neuromethods has the distinct layout and style of the Springer
Protocols program, designed specifi cally for readability and ease of reference in a laboratory
setting.
The careful application of methods is potentially the most important step in the process
of scientifi c inquiry. In the past, new methodologies led the way in developing new disci-
plines in the biological and medical sciences. For example, Physiology emerged out of
Anatomy in the nineteenth century by harnessing new methods based on the newly discov-
ered phenomenon of electricity. Nowadays, the relationships between disciplines and meth-
ods are more complex. Methods are now widely shared between disciplines and research
areas. New developments in electronic publishing make it possible for scientists that
encounter new methods to quickly fi nd sources of information electronically. The design of
individual volumes and chapters in this series takes this new access technology into account.
Springer Protocols makes it possible to download single protocols separately. In addition,
Springer makes its print-on-demand technology available globally. A print copy can there-
fore be acquired quickly and for a competitive price anywhere in the world.
Saskatoon, Canada W olfgang W alz
v
Prefa ce
In the fi eld of neuroscience, animal surgeries are often performed both to develop animal
models and to test the application of various therapies. Surgery has always been considered
an art and individual variability is high. However, proper surgical preparation is directly
related to the achieved results. While there has been progress in the automation of tissue
sampling and image analysis, surgery is still a manual procedure. Thus, animal surgery is
somewhat of a bottleneck because the great variation in individual skill cannot ensure that
the experimental results will always be of the highest quality. Despite the importance of the
surgical procedure, the technical description in journal articles is usually very brief, which
may also cause diffi culties when someone attempts to reproduce the experiment. Moreover,
the technical obstacles that a researcher might encounter, as well as tips and tricks about
how to overcome them, are usually not mentioned in the literature. In addition, surgical
techniques are not sold as kits with instructions included. Thus, a reference book, in which
procedures in the form of a corpus of instructions, is highly desired. Considering that surgi-
cal technique is meticulous and deserves a full explanation of the technical details to per-
form procedures properly, the book E xperimental Neurosurgery in Animal Models has been
prepared to address these challenges.
For many years, small-animal models were favored mostly due to low cost, ease of care,
and the possibilities for high throughput. While they are still valuable for answering some
basic research questions, the translation of therapeutic approaches from bench to bed is
usually unsuccessful. Thus, there is a growing awareness that therapies should be tested in
large-animal models prior to clinical application. Although, currently, very few laboratories
perform neurosurgical procedures on large animals, there is a growing interest in using
these animals. Therefore, it would be of great value to have access to the operative expertise
of leaders in the fi eld of large-animal surgery. This book answers that need and also high-
lights the experienced laboratories that could serve as a reference for newcomers. Thus, the
part of the book devoted to large animals is especially compelling and sets the standard for
state-of-the-art translational research. While the initial chapters of the book present the
standard small-animal models now used in neuroscience, these are later followed by a
description of procedures in large-animal models.
While manual precision is equally important in all models, the complexity of surgical
dissection varies. The fi rst six chapters focus primarily on the brain, while the next six chap-
ters concern the spinal cord in rodents. The last four chapters provide a description of
operative procedures in large animals. The book begins with three chapters that describe
rapid procedures that do not always require the use of a scalpel or in which the use of a
scalpel is very limited, but all these chapters are related to the major neurosurgical disci-
plines, such as neurotrauma, radiosurgery, and stereotaxy. The next two chapters describe
the very complicated craniotomies in small animals. The sixth chapter deals with the
advances in the use of robotics, which is expected to have growing role in animal models.
The next two chapters are devoted to the presentation of models of spine injury, and the
following chapter describes microsurgical access to the spinal cord. Chapters 10 and 1 1
vii
viii Preface
present various methods of injection to the spine and CSF through the cisterna magna.
Chapter 12 focuses on cranial and peripheral nerve dissection using a very advanced water-
jet dissection method.
The large-animal section begins by detailing the performance of a craniotomy in swine.
This procedure is universal and can be used for wide brain access for various purposes, as
well as for surgical training. Thus, this would be of interest not only to researchers but also
to neurosurgical residents and neurosurgeons. The next chapter presents stereotaxy, which
is far more complex in a large-animal setting, but, due to advances in sophisticated technol-
ogy, is a very powerful method for the translation of animal research to the clinical scenario,
particularly as monkeys are often used as the experimental species. The sheep model of
stroke was long-awaited after many unsuccessful attempts to translate the positive small-
animal data to the clinical setting. There is a good possibility that this model will have wide
preclinical utility, particularly in the current climate that mandates that clinical tests be
preceded by relevant animal studies. The last chapter is devoted to the extremely important
neurosurgical disease, subarachnoid hemorrhage. The chapter introduces a reader to the
complexity of pathological sequelae that can be directly related to the neurosurgical tech-
nique and provides both the successes and failures related to the use of various techniques,
which allows researchers to build on the enormous experience of this group in studying this
disease in a primate model.
This book is expected to gather the interest of various readerships. It will be very useful
for basic researchers, who need to establish animal models in the fi eld of neuroscience,
especially in neurosurgery. The vast group of neurosurgical residents can treat it as a reposi-
tory of research and training opportunities for the use of animal models. The book may also
facilitate the selection of an appropriate animal model as well as serve as a basis for further
technical improvements and refi nements of these models for academic neurosurgeons run-
ning their own labs simultaneously with clinical practice. Thus, it is expected that the book
will be warmly received and will serve frequently as a handbook during the planning and
performance of surgical procedures on the central nervous system.
Baltimore, MD, USA Miroslaw Janowski
Contents
Preface to the Series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x i
1 A nimal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Fredrik Clausen
2 E xperimental Radiosurgery in Animal Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Ajay N iranjan , Wendy F ellows-Mayle , Douglas Kondziolka ,
and L. Dade L unsford
3 Stereotactic Surgery in Rats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Jaroslaw Maciaczyk , Ulf D . K ahlert , M áté Döbrössy ,
and G uido Nikkhah
4 R at Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Occlusion Models
Which Involve a Frontotemporal Craniectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Hideaki Imai , Nobuhito S aito , and I. M hairi Macrae
5 I nferior Colliculus Approach in a Rat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3
Dennis T . T. Plachta
6 Why Robots Entered Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5
Jason W . Motkoski and Garnette R . S utherland
7 I mpact Model of Spinal Cord Injury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Dorothée Cantinieaux , R achelle F ranzen , and Jean S choenen
8 Acute Clip Compression Model of SCI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Jared T . W ilcox and Michael G. F ehlings
9 Microsurgical Approach to Spinal Canal in Rats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 19
Mortimer Gierthmuehlen and Jan K aminsky
10 Stereotaxic Injection into the Rat Spinal Cord. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Charla C . Engels a nd P iotr W alczak
11 S urgical Access to Cisterna Magna Using Concorde-Like Position
for Cell Transplantation in Mice and CNS Dissection within Intact
Dura for Evaluation of Cell Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Miroslaw J anowski
12 A nimal Models for Experimental Neurosurgery of Peripheral
and Cranial Nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 51
Joachim Oertel , Christoph A . Tschan , and Doerther Keiner
13 S urgery of the Brain and Spinal Cord in a Porcine Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 65
Jan R egelsberger
ix
