Table Of ContentEXPERIMENTAL METHODS
AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR
CHEMICAL ENGINEERS
SECOND EDITION
GREGORY S. PATIENCE
Experimental Methods and
Instrumentation for Chemical Engineers
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Experimental Methods
and Instrumentation
for Chemical Engineers
Second Edition
Gregory S. Patience
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,PolytechniqueMontréal,Canada
Elsevier
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Contents
ListofContributors xiii
Preface xv
1. Introduction
G.S.Patience
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Metrology 3
1.3 ScientificMethod 5
1.4 IndustrialQualityControl 5
1.5 UnitsofPhysicalQuantities 7
1.6 WritingConventions 8
1.7 UnitConversion 11
1.8 Exercises 15
References 16
2. MeasurementandAnalysis
G.S.Patience
2.1 Overview 17
2.2 SignificantFigures 18
2.3 StatisticalNotions 20
2.3.1 Normal(Gaussian)Distribution 22
2.3.2 CriterionofChauvenet 27
2.3.3 Uncertainty(TypeB) 29
2.3.4 ConfidenceIntervalsandUncertainty(TypeA) 29
2.3.5 SampleSize 33
2.3.6 UncertaintyPropagation 33
2.4 InstrumentationConcepts 37
2.4.1 Interval 37
2.4.2 Range,Span,FullScale 37
2.4.3 Resolution,Sensitivity,DetectionLimit,Threshold 37
2.4.4 Precision 38
2.4.5 Error 39
2.4.6 Accuracy 42
v
vi Contents
2.4.7 RepeatabilityandReproducibility 44
2.5 RepresentingDataGraphically 46
2.5.1 PlottingPitfalls 52
2.5.2 3-DandContourGraphs 52
2.5.3 BarCharts 54
2.6 FastFourierTransform(FFT) 54
2.7 ErrorBars 55
2.8 Exercises 56
References 62
3. ExperimentalPlanning
G.S.PatienceandA.Bérard
3.1 Overview 65
3.2 DataandExperiments 65
3.2.1 Monitoring 66
3.2.2 Qualification 67
3.2.3 Prove-Out 67
3.2.4 Scouting/ProcessDevelopment 67
3.2.5 Troubleshooting 68
3.3 DataAnalysis 68
3.3.1 DataSmoothing 68
3.3.2 HypothesisTesting 70
3.3.3 StatisticalTests 71
3.3.4 ErrorBars 73
3.3.5 RegressionAnalysis 75
3.3.6 CoefficientofDetermination 76
3.3.7 NonlinearRegressionAnalysis 78
3.3.8 ErrantModelData 79
3.4 DesignofExperiments(DOE) 81
3.5 StatisticalDesigns 85
3.5.1 FullFactorialDesigns 86
3.5.2 FractionalFactorialDesigns 88
3.5.3 Plackett–BurmanDesign 89
3.5.4 TaguchiDesign 90
3.5.5 CentralCompositeDesign—CCD 90
3.5.6 Box–BehnkenDesign 92
3.5.7 CaseStudy—SavingOrganicApples 92
3.6 Exercises 97
References 106
4. ForceandMass
J.Gostick
4.1 Overview 107
4.2 ElectricalPropertiesofStrainedMetals 109
4.3 StrainGauge 110
Contents vii
4.3.1 GaugeFactor 110
4.3.2 StrainGaugeCircuit 111
4.3.3 TheImpactofTemperatureonResistance 113
4.4 StraintoMeasureForceandMass 114
4.4.1 LoadCells 114
4.4.2 PressureSensors 116
4.5 OtherForceSensingTechniques 117
4.5.1 ForceSensingResistors 117
4.5.2 ElectromagneticForceCompensation 119
4.5.3 PiezoelectricSensorsandAccelerometers 120
4.6 Exercises 121
References 121
5. Pressure
G.S.Patience
5.1 Overview 123
5.2 UnitsofPressure 128
5.3 TypesofPressure 128
5.3.1 AtmosphericPressure 128
5.3.2 GaugePressure 129
5.3.3 DifferentialPressure 129
5.3.4 VacuumPressure 130
5.3.5 StaticandDynamicPressure 130
5.3.6 BarometricPressure 132
5.4 Instrumentation 136
5.4.1 Barometer 136
5.4.2 U-TubeManometer 137
5.4.3 BourdonGauge 139
5.4.4 DiaphragmandBellows 140
5.4.5 Vacuum 142
5.4.6 CapsulePressureGauge 143
5.4.7 McLeodGauge 144
5.4.8 PiraniGauge 145
5.5 ProcessEquipmentandSafety 146
5.5.1 PressureRegulator 146
5.5.2 BackPressureRegulator 147
5.5.3 ReliefValves 147
5.5.4 RuptureDisk 147
5.5.5 PressureTesting 148
5.5.6 LeakTest 149
5.6 Instrumentation 149
5.7 Exercises 151
References 158
viii Contents
6. Temperature
G.S.PatienceandP.A.Patience
6.1 Overview 159
6.2 TemperatureScales 161
6.2.1 Wet-Bulb,Dry-BulbTemperature,DewPoint 164
6.2.2 Humidex,HeatIndex 166
6.2.3 WindChillFactor 166
6.3 MechanicalInstruments 167
6.3.1 GasThermometers 167
6.3.2 LiquidThermometers 171
6.3.3 BimetallicThermometers 175
6.4 ElectricalInstruments 178
6.4.1 Thermistors 179
6.4.2 ResistanceTemperatureDevices(RTDs) 180
6.4.3 Thermocouples 182
6.4.4 Thermopile 191
6.5 Radiation 194
6.6 Pyrometry 194
6.6.1 ThermalRadiation 194
6.6.2 Pyrometers 195
6.7 Exercises 197
References 199
7. FluidMetering
G.S.Patience
7.1 Overview 201
7.2 FluidDynamics 202
7.3 FlowMeterSelection 206
7.4 PositiveDisplacement 209
7.5 DifferentialPressure 212
7.5.1 ObstructionMeters—Orifice 212
7.5.2 ObstructionMeters—Venturi 214
7.5.3 CompressibleFlow 215
7.5.4 RestrictionOrifice 216
7.5.5 PitotTube 217
7.6 Rotameters 219
7.7 ThermalMassFlowMeters—MFC 222
7.7.1 HotWireAnemometry 223
7.8 Coriolis 223
7.9 Inferential—Turbine 224
7.10 Oscillatory—Vortex 224
7.11 FlowMetersinanIndustrialSetting 225
Exercises 229
References 232
Contents ix
8. PhysicochemicalAnalysis
G.S.Patience
8.1 Overview 233
8.2 ThermalConductivity 233
8.2.1 Pressure,TemperatureEffects 237
8.2.2 InsulationDesign 237
8.3 Viscosity 242
8.3.1 SinglePhaseFlow 244
8.3.2 ReynoldsNumber 245
8.3.3 PrandtlNumber 246
8.3.4 ViscosityInstrumentation 248
8.3.4.1 NewtonianFluids 248
8.3.4.2 TheSayboltViscometer 250
8.3.4.3 Non-NewtonianFluids 251
8.3.4.4 TheRotationalRheometer 251
8.3.5 InfluenceofTemperatureandPressureonViscosity 252
8.4 BinaryGasDiffusion 252
8.4.1 SchmidtNumber 254
8.4.2 MeasuringDiffusion 255
8.4.2.1 WaterVaporDiffusionthroughPermeable
Materials 256
8.5 Exercises 258
References 262
9. GasandLiquidConcentration
D.Béland,S.Lucini,C.Neagoe,P.Perreault,F.Galli,and
G.S.Patience
9.1 Overview 263
9.2 ChromatographyTheory 263
9.2.1 TheDistributionCoefficient 265
9.2.2 TheCapacityFactor 266
9.2.3 TheSelectivityFactor 267
9.2.4 TheNumberofTheoreticalPlates 268
9.2.5 EddyDiffusion 269
9.2.6 LongitudinalDiffusion 270
9.2.7 ResistancetoMassTransfer 270
9.2.8 Resolution 271
9.3 GasChromatography 273
9.3.1 Columns 273
9.3.2 Injectors 275
9.3.3 Detectors 276
9.4 High-PerformanceLiquidChromatography 278
9.5 MethodDevelopment 278
9.6 Troubleshooting 280
9.6.1 TheFlatLine 281
