Experimental and Applied Mechanics, Volume 6: Proceedings of the 2014 Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics

202 Pages·2015·13.63 MB·English

by  Nancy Sottos

Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series
Nancy Sottos · Robert Rowlands
Kathryn Dannemann Editors
Experimental and
Applied Mechanics,
Volume 6
Proceedings of the 2014 Annual Conference on Experimental
and Applied Mechanics
Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series
Series Editor
Tom Proulx
Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc.
Bethel, CT, USA
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/8922

Nancy Sottos (cid:129) Robert Rowlands (cid:129) Kathryn Dannemann
Editors
Experimental and Applied Mechanics,
Volume 6
Proceedings of the 2014 Annual Conference on Experimental
and Applied Mechanics
Editors
NancySottos RobertRowlands
BeckmanInstitute UniversityofWisconsin
UniversityofIllinois Madison,WI,USA
Urbana-Champaign
Urbana,IL,USA
KathrynDannemann
SouthwestResearchInstitute
SanAntonio,TX,USA
ISSN2191-5644 ISSN2191-5652(electronic)
ISBN978-3-319-06988-3 ISBN978-3-319-06989-0(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-06989-0
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011928691
#TheSocietyforExperimentalMechanics,Inc.2015
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Preface
ExperimentalandAppliedMechanics,Volume6:Proceedingsofthe2014AnnualConferenceonExperimentalandApplied
Mechanicsrepresentsoneofeightvolumesoftechnicalpaperspresentedatthe2014SEMAnnualConference&Exposition
onExperimentalandAppliedMechanicsorganizedbytheSocietyforExperimentalMechanicsandheldinGreenville,SC,
June 2–5, 2014. The complete Proceedings also includes volumes on: Dynamic Behavior of Materials; Challenges in
Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials; Advancement of Optical Methods in Experimental Mechanics; Mechanics of
Biological Systems and Materials; MEMS and Nanotechnology; Experimental Mechanics of Composite, Hybrid, and
MultifunctionalMaterials;Fracture,Fatigue,FailureandDamageEvolution.
Eachcollectionpresentsearlyfindingsfromexperimentalandcomputationalinvestigationsofanimportanttopicwithin
the field of Experimental Mechanics. This volume includes papers on Residual Stress, Thermomechanics and Infrared
Imaging,HybridTechniquesandInverseProblems.
Residual stresses are especially important in engineering systems and design. The insidious nature of residual stresses
oftencauses them tobeunderratedoroverlooked.However,theyprofoundlyinfluence structuraldesignandsubstantially
affectstrength,fatiguelife,anddimensionalstability.Sinceresidualstressesareinducedduringmostmaterialsprocessing
procedures,forexample,welding/joining,casting,thermalconditioning,andforming,theymustbeincludedandaddressed
inengineeringdesignandapplications.
Inrecentyearstheapplicationsofinfraredimagingtechniquestothemechanicsofmaterialsandstructureshavegrown
considerably. The expansion is marked by the increased spatial and temporal resolution of the infrared detectors, faster
processing times, and much greater temperature resolution. The improved sensitivity and more reliable temperature
calibrationsofthedeviceshavemeantthatmoreaccuratedatacanbeobtainedthanwerepreviouslyavailable.
Advancesininverseidentificationtechniqueshavebeencoupledwithopticalmethodsthatprovidesurfacedeformation
measurementsandvolumetricmeasurementsofmaterials.Inparticular,inversemethodologywasdevelopedtomorefully
usethedensespatialdataprovidedbyopticalmethodstoidentifymechanicalconstitutiveparametersofmaterials.Sinceits
beginnings during the 1980s, creativity in inverse methods has led to applications for a wide range of materials, with
different constitutive behavior,acrossheterogeneous materialinterfaces.Complextest fixtureshave been implementedto
produce the necessary strain fields for identification. Force reconstruction has been developed for high strain rate testing.
As developments in optical methods improve for both very large and very small length scales, applications of inverse
identificationmethodshaveexpandedtoincludegeologicalandatomisticevents.
Urbana,IL,USA NancySottos
Madison,WI,USA RobertRowlands
SanAntonio,TX,USA KathrynDannemann
v

Contents
1 ElectricalImpedanceSpectroscopyforStructuralHealthMonitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
GeoffreyA.Slipher,RobertA.Haynes,andJaretC.Riddick
2 InsituObservationofNiTiTransformationBehaviour:AMicro–MacroApproach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
KasunS.Wickramasinghe,RachelA.Tomlinson,andJemA.Rongong
3 Bio-InspiredDesignofaMulti-scalePassBandFrequencySensor
UsingLocalResonancePhenomena. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
RiazAhmedandSouravBanerjee
4 DynamicEquationsforanIsotropicSphericalShellUsingPowerSeriesMethod
andSurfaceDifferentialOperators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
RezaOkhovatandAndersBostr€om
5 HydrogenEmbrittlementand“ColdFusion”EffectsinPalladiumDuringElectrolysisExperiments... .. . 37
A.Carpinteri,O.Borla,A.Goi,S.Guastella,A.Manuello,andD.Veneziano
6 TorqueArmActuatedBi-StableBuckledEnergyHarvesterCharacterization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
D.A.PorterandT.A.Berfield
7 ValidatingFSISimulationsinLS-DYNA971R7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
KevinA.Gardner,JeremyD.Seidt,andAmosGilat
8 FundamentalFrequenciesofSlenderBeamsSubjecttoImposedAxialEndDisplacements. . . . . . . . . . . 59
G.Piana,A.Manuello,R.Malvano,andA.Carpinteri
9 CharacterizationofaHeatingandQuenchingApparatusforMicrogravityTesting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
AnthonyS.Torres,JeffGanley,andArupMaji
10 PhaseUnwrappingWorkDoneviaGraphicProcessingUnit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
M.J.HuangandY.C.Liu
11 ClassificationofLowVelocityImpactUsingSpiralSensingTechnique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
ChijiokeAgbasiandSouravBanerjee
12 ResidualStressMeasurementsinFinite-ThicknessMaterialsbyHole-Drilling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
GaryS.SchajerandColinAbraham
13 ResidualStressResponsetoPeeninginMetallicGlass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
B.Jayakumar,M.Allahkarami,andJ.C.Hanan
14 ResidualStressModelingandMeasurementinAluminumWroughtAlloys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
BowangXiao,QiguiWang,Cherng-ChiChang,andJosieE.Rewald
15 NotchFatigueBehaviourofShotPeenedHigh-StrengthAluminiumAlloys:
RoleoftheResidualStressFieldAheadoftheNotchRoot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
M.Benedetti,V.Fontanari,M.Allahkarami,andJ.C.Hanan
vii
viii Contents
16 ResidualStressofIndividualAluminumGrainsfromThreeDimensionalX-RayDiffraction. . . . . . . . . . 123
M.Allahkarami,B.Jayakumar,andJ.C.Hanan
17 IncrementalRingCorebyOpticalMethods:PreliminaryResults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
AntonioBaldiandFilippoBertolino
18 UncertaintyQuantificationinVFMIdentification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
P.Wang,F.Pierron,O.T.Thomsen,M.Rossi,andP.Lava
19 ModalIdentificationofOver-DampedStructuralSystemsUsingExtended
IbrahimTime-DomainMethod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Chang-ShengLinandTse-ChuanTseng
20 StructuralHealthMonitoringbyLaserShearography:Experimental
andNumericalInvestigations. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . 149
XiaoranChen,MortezaKhaleghi,IvoDobrev,WeiyuanTie,andCosmeFurlong
21 OnImprovingThermoelasticStressAnalysisDataNearEdgesofDiscontinuities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
W.A.SamadandR.E.Rowlands
22 MeasurementofStressNetworkinGranularMaterialsfromInfraredMeasurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
PawarutJongchansitto,XavierBalandraud,MichelGre´diac,andIttichaiPreechawuttipong
23 InfluenceofRelativeHumidityontheThermomechanicalBehaviorofPA6.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
AdilBenaarbia,Andre´ Chrysochoos,andGillesRobert
24 TemperatureFieldinFSWProcess:ExperimentalMeasurementandNumericalSimulation. . . . . . . . . . 177
C.Casavola,A.Cazzato,V.Moramarco,andC.Pappalettere
25 DynamicsofStrainLocalizationAssociatedwithLu¨dersDeformation:AnInsight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
SrinivasanNagarajan,RaghuNarayanaswamy,andVenkatramanBalasubramaniam
26 RamanSpectroscopy-EnhancedIIT:InSituAnalysisofMechanicallyStressed
PolycrystallineSiThinFilms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
YvonneB.Gerbig,ChrisA.Michaels,andRobertF.Cook
Chapter 1
Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy for Structural Health Monitoring
GeoffreyA.Slipher,RobertA.Haynes,andJaretC.Riddick
Abstract Structural heath monitoring (SHM) can provide an estimate of the state of damage in a structure, and of the
remainingusefullife ofthatstructure.TheworkpresentedhereisaninvestigationofaproposednewSHM techniquefor
composite structures composed of carbon-fiber-reinforced-polymers (CFRP). Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is
employedtoestimatethedamagestateofthecomposite.NomodificationtocurrentCFRPprocessingmethodsisrequired,
nor is the proposed technique invasive or destructive. EIS interfaces can be either permanently attached or temporarily
connected.WehypothesizethatEIShasthepotentialtobemoresensitiveandselectivefordamagedetectionbyusingafull
complex-plane analysis, considering both impedance magnitude and phase angle. This is in contrast to electrical SHM
approachesemployingresistancemeasurement,therealcomponentofimpedance,whichignoresphaseangleandreactance
information.Inordertotestourhypothesisweimplementedthreedifferentexperimentstoevaluatetheeffectivenessofthe
EIStechnique:(1)specimenloadsensitivity;(2)specimendamagesensitivity;and(3)specimenfatiguesensitivity.Multiple
electricalinterrogationpathsthroughthespecimenareconsidered.
Keywords Electricalimpedancespectroscopy•Structuralhealthmonitoring•Carbonfiber•Fatiguestate•Damagestate
detection•Loadstatedetection
1.1 Introduction
Carbon-fiberreinforcedcompositematerialsarerapidlygainingwideuseforavarietyofapplicationspertainingtoaircraft,
spacecraftandcivilinfrastructure. Therecenttrendtowardcondition-based maintenanceofadvancedstructuralplatforms
hasgivenrisetosensor-basedmonitoringofcriticalstructuralcomponents.Structuralhealthmonitoringreferstotheuseof
sensordataasameanstoprovideanestimateofthestateofdamageinastructure,andoftheremainingusefullifeofthat
structure.PervasiveuseofSHMincompositestructuresinthefuturewillenablenewstructuralapplicationsthatexploitthe
presenceofsensorstoenablenovellightweightdesignsandreducedmaintenanceburdens.
Damagedetectionbystructuralself-sensingincarbonfibercompositeshasbeeninvestigatedthoroughlyintheliterature.
Inparticularconceptsfortheuseofelectricalresistancemeasurementstodetectdamageinfiber-reinforcedcompositeshave
been investigated, showing that resistance changes irreversibly upon damage inflicted by flexure, tension, fatigue, and
impact [1]. Resistance change can be associated with the mode of damage. For example, fiber breakage increases the
longitudinal resistance, and delamination increases the through-thickness resistance. Embedding of carbon nanotubes
(CNTs)intoglass-epoxycompositestocreatepercolatingelectricalnetworksforsensingdamagehasbeenshowntowork
basedonmeasuringthechangeinresistanceduetocracking[2–5].
Electricalresistancemeasurementshaveshownsomepromiseinthedetectionofdamageinfibercomposites,particularly
inthosesystems where embeddedsensors orelectricalnetworks wereused. However,electricalimpedance measurements
havethepotentialtobemoresensitiveandselectivefordamagedetectionbyusingafullcomplex-planeanalysis,considering
bothimpedancemagnitudeandphaseangle.Electricalresistancecanbeconsideredzero-phaseangleimpedance.Impedance-
basedmethodshavebeenemployedforqualitativehealthmonitoringbycorrelatingvariationsinmechanicalimpedanceto
G.A.Slipher(*)•R.A.Haynes•J.C.Riddick
VehicleTechnologyDirectorate,U.S.ArmyResearchLaboratory,AberdeenProvingGround,MD21005,USA
e-mail:[email protected]
N.Sottosetal.(eds.),ExperimentalandAppliedMechanics,Volume6:Proceedingsofthe2014AnnualConference 1
onExperimentalandAppliedMechanics,ConferenceProceedingsoftheSocietyforExperimentalMechanicsSeries,
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-06989-0_1,#TheSocietyforExperimentalMechanics,Inc.2015