Table Of ContentEXORCISING OUR DEMONS
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STUDIES
IN MEDIEVAL AND
REFORMATION THOUGHT
FOUNDED BY HEIKO A. OBERMAN †
EDITED BY
ANDREW COLIN GOW, Edmonton, Alberta
IN COOPERATION WITH
THOMAS A. BRADY, Jr., Berkeley, California
JOHANNES FRIED, Frankfurt
BRAD GREGORY, Stanford, California
BERNDT HAMM, Erlangen
SUSAN C. KARANT-NUNN, Tucson, Arizona
JÜRGENMIETHKE, Heidelberg
M. E. H. NICOLETTE MOUT, Leiden
VOLUMEXCI
CHARLES ZIKA
EXORCISING OUR DEMONS
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EXORCISING OUR DEMONS
MAGIC, WITCHCRAFT AND VISUAL CULTURE IN
EARLY MODERN EUROPE
BY
CHARLES ZIKA
BRILL
LEIDEN (cid:127)BOSTON
2003
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Publication of this work was assisted by grants from the Publication Sub-Committee and
from Arts Research, University of Melbourne.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Zika, Charles.
Exorcising our demons : magic, witchcraft, and visual culture in early modern Europe /
by Charles Zika.
p. cm. -- (Studies in medieval and Reformation thought ; v. 91)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 9004125604 (hard cover)
1. Witchcraft--Europe--History. 2. Magic--Europe--History. 3. Witchcraft in art. I.
Title, II. Series.
BF1584.E85 Z55 2002
133.4'3'094--dc21
2002034379
ISSN 0585-6914
ISBN 90 04 12560 4
© Copyright 2003 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written
permission from the publisher.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal
use is granted by Brill provided that
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Fees are subject to change
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CONTENTS
List of Illustrations .................................................................... vii
Acknowledgements ...................................................................... xvii
Preface ........................................................................................ xix
Introduction: Demons and Histories ........................................ 1
C O Reuchlin’s De Verbo Mirifico and the Magic
Debate of the Late Fifteenth Century ................................ 21
C T Reuchlin and Erasmus: Humanism and
Occult Philosophy .................................................................. 69
C T Agrippa of Nettesheim and his Appeal to
the Cologne Council in 1533: The Politics of Knowledge
in Early Sixteenth-Century Germany .................................. 99
C F Hosts, Processions and Pilgrimages:
Controlling the Sacred in Fifteenth-Century Germany ...... 155
C F The Reformation Jubilee of 1617:
Appropriating the Past in European Centenary
Celebrations ............................................................................ 197
C S Fears of Flying: Representations of Witchcraft
and Sexuality in Sixteenth-Century Germany .................... 237
C S She-man: Visual Representations of
Witchcraft and Sexuality ...................................................... 269
C E Dürer’s Witch, Riding Women and Moral
Order ...................................................................................... 305
C N The Wild Cavalcade in Lucas Cranach’s
Melancholia Paintings: Witchcraft and Sexual Disorder in
Sixteenth-Century Germany .................................................. 333
C T Body Parts, Saturn and Cannibalism:
Visual Representations of Witches’ Assemblies in the
Sixteenth Century .................................................................. 375
C E Fashioning New Worlds from
Old Fathers: Reflections on Saturn, Amerindians and
Witches in a Sixteenth-Century Print .................................. 411
C T Cannibalism and Witchcraft in Early
Modern Europe: Reading the Visual Images ...................... 445
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vi
C T Appropriating Folklore in
Sixteenth-Century Witchcraft Literature: The Nebelkappe of
Paulus Frisius .......................................................................... 481
C F Writing the Visual into History:
Changing Cultural Perceptions of Late Medieval and
Reformation Germany .......................................................... 523
C F Nuremberg: The City and its Culture in
the Early Sixteenth Century ................................................ 553
Index of Names .......................................................................... 585
Index of Places .......................................................................... 593
Index of Subjects ........................................................................ 596
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1. Martin Luther and a chronology of the most important events in his life,
engraving, Strasbourg, 1617, Latin verses by Johann Stoltz. From
J.R. Paas, The German Political Broadsheet 1600–1700, 6 vols.
(Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz, 1985–88), II, p. 114 (P–305).
2. Tobias Stimmer, Martin Luther and prayer to be recited by young peo-
ple during the Protestant jubilee, woodcut, Strasbourg: Johann Carolus,
1617. From J.R. Paas, The German Political Broadsheet 1600–1700,
6 vols. (Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz, 1985–88), II, p. 117 (P–308).
3. Conrad Grahle (after Johann Deper?), The runaway indulgence seller
and the brilliant evangelical light of Martin Luther, etching, Leipzig:
Georg Liger, 1617. From J.R. Paas, The German Political Broadsheet
1600–1700, 6 vols. (Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz, 1985–88), II,
p. 87 (P–278).
4. The miracle of Martin Luther: the papal throne will fall, engraving,
Freiberg: Georg Hoffman, 1618, verses by Abraham Gensreff?
From J.R. Paas, The German Political Broadsheet 1600–1700, 6 vols.
(Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz, 1985–88), II, p. 144 (P–335).
5. Balthasar Schwan, Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon as restorers
of the word of the gospel and Elector Frederick III the Wise and Duke John
George I of Saxony as its protectors, etching, Frankfurt, 1617. From
J.R. Paas, The German Political Broadsheet 1600–1700, 6 vols.
(Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz, 1985–88), II, p. 111 (P–302).
6. Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon as restorers of the word of the gospel
and Elector Frederick III the Wise and Duke John George I of Saxony as
its protectors, etching, Frankfurt? 1617. From J.R. Paas, The German
Political Broadsheet 1600–1700, 6 vols. (Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz,
1985–88), II, p. 113 (P–304).
7. After Conrad Grahle, The dream of Elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony,
1617, woodcut. From J.R. Paas, The German Political Broadsheet
1600–1700, 6 vols. (Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz, 1985–88), II,
p. 86 (P–277).
8. Hans Baldung Grien, A group of female witches, 1510, chiaroscuro
woodcut with grey tone block. Courtesy, Museum of Fine Arts,
Boston. Reproduced with permission. © 2002 Museum of Fine
Arts, Boston. All Rights Reserved.
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viii
9. A female witch producing hail, woodcut, in Johann Vintler, Buch der
Tugend (Augsburg, 1486), fol. 153v. Munich, Bayerische Staats-
bibliothek.
10. A male witch drawing water from a tree with an axe, woodcut, in
Johann Vintler, Buch der Tugend (Augsburg, 1486), fol. 150r.
Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek.
11. Two female witches producing a storm, woodcut touched with red ink,
in Ulrich Molitor, Von den Unholden oder Hexen [Strasbourg: Johann
Prüss, c. 1493], fol. Er. Ithaca, N.Y., Carl A. Kroch Library,
Cornell University.
12. A female witch laming a man with an arrow, woodcut, in Ulrich
Molitor, Von den Unholden oder Hexen [Strasbourg: Johann Prüss,
c. 1493], fol. Br. Ithaca, N.Y., Carl A. Kroch Library, Cornell
University.
13. Hans Schäuffelein, The evil deeds of witches, woodcut, in Ulrich
Tengler, Der neü Layenspiegel (Augsburg, 1511), fol. CXCr. Munich,
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek.
14. Hans Baldung Grien, The weather witches, 1523, panel painting.
Frankfurt-am-Main, Städelsches Kunstinstitut. Photo: Ursula
Edelmann.
15. Urs Graf, copy of Hans Baldung Grien, A group of witches, 1514,
pen on red-brown tinted paper, heightened with white. Vienna,
Graphische Sammlung Albertina.
16. Female witches eating together, woodcut touched with red ink, in
Ulrich Molitor, Von den Unholden oder Hexen [Strasbourg: Johann
Prüss, c. 1493], fol. Fiiiv. Ithaca, N.Y., Carl A. Kroch Library,
Cornell University.
17. Hans Baldung Grien, Female witches preparing for the night ride, 1514,
pen on red-brown tinted paper, heightened with white. Vienna,
Graphische Sammlung Albertina.
18. Witches on a night ride, woodcut, in Geiler of Kaisersberg, Die
Emeis (Strasbourg, 1517), fol. xxxviiv. Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August
Bibliothek [457.2 Theol. 2° (5)].
19. A woman in a fool’s cap cooking up a hailstorm, woodcut, in Thomas
Murner, Narrenbeschweerung (Strasbourg: Johannes Knobloch, 1518),
11517.c.31 fol. M2r. London, British Library [11517.c.31]. By
permission of The British Library.
20. A woman in a fool’s cap setting a cauldron on the fire, woodcut, in
Thomas Murner, Narrenbeschweerung (Strasbourg: Johannes Knob-
loch, 1518), 11517.c.31 fol. M3v. London, British Library
[11517.c.31]. By permission of The British Library.
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ix
21. After Hans Baldung Grien, A group of five witches and their fiery
vapours, 1514, pen on grey-tinted paper, heightened with white.
From Carl Koch, Die Zeichnungen Hans Baldung Griens (Berlin,
1941), fig. A17.
22. The power of women, titlepage woodcut, in Giovanni Boccaccio,
De la généaologie des dieux (Paris: P. le Noir, 1531). From reprint
by Garland Publishing, 1976.
23. Female witches eating together, woodcut, from Ulrich Molitor, De
lamiis et pythonicis mulieribus (Basel: Johann Amerbach, 1495),fol.18r.
From A. Schramm, Der Bilderschmuck der Frühdrucke, 23 vols.
(Leipzig, 1920–43), XX, fig. 716.
24. Albrecht Dürer, The four witches, 1497, engraving. Melbourne,
National Gallery of Victoria, Felton Bequest, 1956.
25. Barthel Beham, Death and the three nude women, c. 1525–27, engrav-
ing. London, British Museum, Department of Prints and Drawings.
© Copyright The British Museum.
26. Hans Baldung Grien, Three witches, pen on red-brown tinted
paper, heightened with white. Vienna, Graphische Sammlung
Albertina.
27. Witch and devil embracing, woodcut, in Ulrich Molitor, De lamiis et
pythonicis mulieribus (Basel: Johann Amerbach, 1495), fol. 1v. From
A. Schramm, Der Bilderschmuck der Frühdrucke, 23 vols. (Leipzig,
1920–43), XXI, fig. 1278.
28. Hans Baldung Grien, Witch and dragon, 1515, pen on brown-
tinted paper, heightened with white. Karlsruhe, Staatliche
Kunsthalle.
29. Urs Graf, The Furious Horde, before 1528, distemper on paper
on limewood panel. Basel, Öffentliche Kunstsammlung, Kunst-
museum. Photo: Öffentliche Kunstsammlung Basel, Martin Bühler.
30. Hans Baldung Grien, Aristotle and Phyllis, 1513, woodcut. From
Max Geisberg, The German Single-Leaf Woodcut 1500–1550, 4 vols.
(New York: Hacker Art Books, 1974) I, p. 103, G. 119.
31. Erhard Schön, There is no greater treasure here on earth than an obe-
dient wife who covets honour, 1533, woodcut. From Max Geisberg,
The German Single-Leaf Woodcut 1500–1550, 4 vols. (New York:
Hacker Art Books, 1974), III, p. 1123, G. 1176.
32. Francesco Parmigianino, Witch riding a phallus, c. 1530, engrav-
ing. London, British Museum, Department of Prints and Drawings.
© Copyright The British Museum.
33. Albrecht Dürer, Witch riding backwards on a goat, c. 1500, engraving.
Melbourne, National Gallery of Victoria, Felton Bequest, 1956.
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x
34. Woman riding backwards on a goat, c. 1430, misericord carving.
Stendal, Cathedral of St. Nicholas. Photo: courtesy of Eberhard
Simon.
35. Lust and the Prince of the World, c. 1300, sculpture. Freiburg i. B.,
Münster of Our Lady, west vestibule, north-west corner. Marburg,
Bildarchiv Foto Marburg.
36. Master F.B., Five Cupids Playing, c. 1475–1500, engraving.
Washington DC, National Gallery of Art, Rosenwald Collection.
Photograph © Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art,
Washington.
37. Aphrodite Pandemos, Roman, Late Augustan period, agate and onyx
cameo. Naples, Museo Nazionale.
38. Albrecht Dürer, Celestial Map of the Northern Sky, 1515, woodcut.
Melbourne, National Gallery of Victoria, Felton Bequest 1956.
39. Waldensians worshipping the devil, manuscript illustration, frontispiece
of Johannes Tinctor, Tractatus contra sectam Valdensium (c. 1470),
ms. Rawl. D. 410, fol. 1r. Oxford, Bodleian Library.
40. Witch riding a wolf, woodcut, in Ulrich Molitor, Von den Unholden
oder Hexen (Ulm: Johann Zainer, c. 1491), fol. Biiir. Munich,
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek.
41. Albrecht Dürer, The Whore of Babylon, c. 1496–97, woodcut.
Melbourne, National Gallery of Victoria, Felton Bequest, 1956.
42. Niklas Stör, Doctor She-man, c. 1530, woodcut. From Max Geisberg,
The German Single-Leaf Woodcut 1500–1550, 4 vols. (New York:
Hacker Art Books, 1974), IV, p. 1306, G. 1352.
43. After Lucas Cranach the Elder, Melencolia (1528), mid-16th cen-
tury, oil on panel. Columbus, Ohio, Columbus Museum of Art,
Bequest of Frederick W. Schumacher.
44. After Lucas Cranach the Elder, Melencolia (1528)—detail, mid-
16th century, oil on panel. Columbus, Ohio, Columbus Museum
of Art, Bequest of Frederick W. Schumacher.
45. Lucas Cranach the Elder, The Deerhunt of Frederick the Wise, 1529,
oil on panel. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum.
46. Lucas Cranach the Elder, Melancholia, 1532, oil on panel. Colmar,
Musée d’Unterlinden. © Musée d’Unterlinden Colmar. Photo:
O. Zimmermann.
47. Lucas Cranach the Elder, Melancholia—detail, 1532, oil on panel.
Colmar, Musée d’Unterlinden. © Musée d’Unterlinden Colmar.
Photo: O. Zimmermann.
48. Wild Riders, woodcut, in Johann Vintler, Buch der Tugend (Augsburg,
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