Table Of ContentEuropean Society for Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry
Third Congress
Organizing Committee:
A. D. F. ADDINK, President
Animal Physiology,
Gorlaeus Laboratory, Rijksuniversiteit Leiden
C. M. BALLINTIJN
Zoological Laboratory, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
A. P. VAN OVERBEEKE
Zoological Laboratory, Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen
L. M. SCHCHDNHOVEN
Animal Physiology, Landbouw Hogeschool Wageningen
N. SPRONK, Secretary
Biological Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
D, I. ZANDEE
Chemical Animal Physiology, Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht
Sponsors:
The Commission of the European Community
Ministerie van Landbouw en Visserij
Technische Hogeschool Delft
Technische Hogeschool Twente
Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen
Rijksuniversiteit Leiden
Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht
Universiteit van Amsterdam
Vrije Universiteit
Proceedings of the Third Congress of the European Society for
Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry,
August 31-September 3, 1981, Noordwijkerhout, Netherlands
Exogenous and Endogenous
Influences on Metabolic
and Neural Control of
• RESPIRATON
• FEEDING
• ACTIVITY AND ENERGY SUPPLY IN MUSCLES
• ION- AND OSMOREGULATION
• REPRODUCTION
• PERCEPTION AND ORIENTATION
Volume 2
Abstracts
Editors
A. D. F. ADDINK
Animal Physiology
Gorlaeus Laboratory
Rijksuniversiteit Leiden, Netherlands
N. SPRONK
Biological Laboratory
Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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First edition 1982
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
European Society for Comparative Physiology and
Biochemistry. Congress (3rd: 1981:
Noordwijkerhout, Netherlands)
Exogenous and endogenous influences on
metabolic & neural control of respiration, feeding,
activity and energy supply in muscles, ion- and
osmoregulation, reproduction, perception and
orientation.
Includes indexes.
Contents: v. 1. Invited lectures — v. 2.
Abstracts.
I. Metabolic regulation—Congresses.
'2. Neurotrophic functions—Congresses. 3. Bio
logical control systems—Congresses. I. Addink,
A. D. F. (Alberti Daniel Franςois), 1935-
II. Spronk, N. III. Title.
QP171.E97 1981 591.1'88 82-3657
AACR2
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
European Society for Comparative Physiology and
Biochemistry. Congress (3rd: 1981: Noordwijkerhout)
Exogenous and endogenous influences on metabolic
& neural control.
Vol. 2: Abstracts
1. Physiology, Comparative—Congresses
I. Title II. Addink, A. D. F. III. Spronk, N.
574.1 QPl
ISBN 0-08-027986-4 (vol. 1)
ISBN 0-08-028845-6 (vol. 2)
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Sponsors
The Commission of the European Community
The Ministerie van Onderwijs en Wetenschappen
Technische Hogeschool Delft
Technische Hogeschool Twente
Landbouw Hogeschool Wageningen
Rijksuniversiteit Leiden
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This volume is a collection of the abstracts from
both invited lectures and posters related to the
subjects of the conference.
The Organizing Committee of the Conference
and the editors have allowed the authors
full latitude to express their views, which
remain their entire responsibility.
Sponsors
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Technische Hogeschool Delft
Technische Hogeschool Twente
Landbouw Hogeschool Wageningen
Rijksuniversiteit Leiden
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K.L.M. Amstelveen
Setaram Lyon
Radiochemical Centre Amersham (U.K.)
E.L.G.A. Griesheim (B.R.D.)
Pergamon Press Oxford
This volume is a collection of the abstracts from
both invited lectures and posters related to the
subjects of the conference.
The Organizing Committee of the Conference
and the editors have allowed the authors
full latitude to express their views, which
remain their entire responsibility.
LECTURES
FOOD SELECTION AND REGULATION OF FOOD INTAKE IN INVERTEBRATES
R.F. CHAPMAN
Centre for Overseas Pest Research, College House,
Wrights Lane, London W8 5SJ, UK
In most invertebrates feeding is a discontinuous process which is
initiated by stimuli arising from the external environment. Only in molluscs
and insects have comprehensive studies of food selection and the control of
food intake been undertaken and most attention has been devoted to predaceous
and phytophagous species. Only phytophagous terrestrial species will be
discussed.
Food selection may involve a distance component and in predators vision is
important together with morphological adaptations which permit the prey to be
caught without approaching very closely. Olfactory selection may involve specific
odours, as in many beetles, or be unspecific. On contact, the chemical and
physical properties of the food are important. Selectivity may be modified by the
immediate previous experience of the organism, such as deprivation of food and
water, influencing its physiological state, and, in the longer term, by learning,
of which food aversion learning is the best known.
In phytophagous species food intake is driven by phagostimulatory
chemicals, and physiological adaptation of the sense-organs associated with
feeding may be minimised by behavioural adaptations, but can contribute to the
cessation of feeding. In many cases, however, the size of a meal is determined
principally by volumetric feedback from the gut and body wall. Humoral changes,
themselves a consequence of feeding, add to the volumetric effects through the
central nervous and peripheral nervous systems.
FOOD SELECTION AND THE REGULATION OF BODY ENERGY IN VERTEBRATES
J. LE MAGNEN
Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Sensorielle et Comportementale,
College de France, 11, Place Marcelin Berthelot,
75231 Paris Cedex 05
Contrary to oxygen supply which is dependent, moment to moment, on breathing,
the continuous supply of nutrients to tissues is provided from endogenous energy
store. Feeding behaviour is periodically activated. This activation or "stimu
lation to eat" is primarily due to the depletion of a short-term energy store, the
meal, and to a correlated fall of the blood glucose level. This prandial period
icity is demonstrated to be accelerated by the repletion and suppressed by the
depletion of fat stores. In various vertebrate species, a changing and programmed
level of maximal repletion and depletion of body fats generates diurnal or sea
sonal rhythms of lipogenesis and hyperphagia balanced by a subsequent lipolysis
and hypophagia. The neuroendocrine bases for such short or long term regulation of
body energy balance now elucidated are described.
In addition blood borne systemic signals, a sensory stimulation of eating or
no eating and the palatability of foods are involved in a regulatory food selec
tion, and in the control of meal sizes. From a genetic background of innate food
preferences and aversions, which appear species specific, the palatability of food
is learned. The survival and selective value of overall mechanisms which, through
food intake, controls the body energy balance and body composition, is emphasized.
THIRST AND THE REGULATION OF HYDROMINERAL BALANCE
S. NICOLAIDIS
Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des Regulations
C.N.R.S. - College de France
11 place Marcel in Berthelot-75231 PARIS Cedex 05
The onset or the termination of drinking is essentially under the control of
specific stimuli acting upon specific receptors projecting to specific centers
from which the behavior originates. This physiological control of drinking does
not imply that drinking cannot be initiated without the action of the physiolo
gical stimuli. We will review successively the regulatory or primary drinking,
i.e. drinking under the control of physiological stimulations, and non-regulatory
drinking, i.e. drinking which happens independently from physiological stimula
tions of the internal milieu.
Intracellular (IC) dehydration normally occurs following water losses from
the various physiological routes. Such losses result in an electrolytic and
particularly Na+ hyperconcentration of the extracellular (EC) space and therefore
pulling water out from the IC milieu. This cellular partial emptying brings about
membrane shrinkage resulting in membrane potential and excitability changes. This
is how the cellular dehydration transducer may work at the receptorsΊevel. How
ever a sodium receptive mechanism, transducing the EC Na"*" excess in terms of
electric message cannot be ruled out.
EC dehydration tends to occur when both water and sodium losses occur simul
taneously, so maintaining normal ionic concentration and cellular volume. In this
case, both the vascular ant the interstitial spaces are depleted. This is why EC
thirst is often referred to as hypovolemic thirst. It typically happens following
isotonic losses such as hemorrage, diarrhea or experimental injection of a
colloid (polyethylene glycol) which sequesters a fraction of isotonic solution
within the organism.
Primary drinking can be elicited following the stimulation of 2 types of
receptors sensing the deficits of the corresponding 2 hydrational spaces, i.e. the
IC and the EC space. These receptors seem to project on regulatory diencephalic
areas eliciting the appropriate responses of drinking in addition to responses of
excretion including diuresis, anti-diuresis and sweating and to interspace water
and electrolytes movements affecting blood volume and pressure.
The IC receptors are localized in several diencephalic areas and also in the
portal hepatic bed. They seem to be more or less intermingled with the so-called
centers of drinking behavior. The EC space receptors were found in appropriate
areas of the vascular space such as the low pressure big vessels of the left
atrium.
Today, we know that there are receptors around the thin walled sinus of the
circumventricular organs and probably around the cerebroventricular walls. The
receptors of the EC space seem to be affected by the dipsogenic hormone
angiotensin II (All) whether it comes from the kidney-born renin or the brain
tissue-born isorenin. The combined action of direct EC stimulations and the effect
of All seem to be achieved by means of a convenient phenomenon able to integrate
at the receptor level both stimulations accounting for the EC depletion. This
phenomenon seems to be the reduction of the size of specific vascular and para
vascular structures sensed by mechano-receptive elements. I.e. either volemia or
isotonic depletion passively deflate the recipients,although All actively reduces
the same recipients>volume by acting upon contractile elements. The fact that
EC receptors are independent from IC depletion receptors accounts for the additi-
vity of IC and various EC stimulations.
Once various synergic stimulations have reached the threshold of drinking
they trigger the appropriate oriented and specific arousal leading the animal
towards water consumption unless other contradictory needs divert the animal from
this behavior. Water consumption itself is enhanced by the insentives of the oral
area. Extero-receptors of this oral area in addition to those of the larynx,
oesophagus and gastro-intestinal areas project on diencephalic units in order to
announce and compute the amount consumed during the act of drinking and therefore
in order to end its consumption at the appropriate moment. Research on the hypo
thalamic mechanism of interaction of the above messages with various physiological
stimuli, and on the other brain areas which are implicated in the regulatory
responses of drinking, of diuresis or sweating and of hemodynamic responses has
made rapid progress and will be looked at in different chapters of the review.
COMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF DIGESTION IN NONRUMINANT
HERBIVORES
H.HÜRNICKE
Universitat Hohenheim - D 7000 Stuttgart 70
About half of the more than 4000 living mammalian species are herbi
vorous in the sense that they predominantly feed on products of
plant origin. The usual classification of diet types (frugivor,
herbivor, folivor, granivor, nectarivor, pollenivor, tuberivor) is
rather artifical since the mayority of animals show greater diversi
fication in their dietary habits. The food selected varies also with
age» season, reproductive state, competitive pressure etc. Only few
species are highly specialized (oligo- or monophagy)· Allometric con
siderations have to be taken into account. Seed-eating prevails
among the smallest mammals, leaf-eating is predominant in medium
sized, and grasseating in larger animals. Ingestion pattern and di
gestive processes must be seen in relation to the necessity of the
animal to deal with toxic secondary plant compounds.
Structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract can partly be
related to texture, energy density and fibre content of the diet.
Many peculiarities of gastrointestinal structure are not yet suffi
ciently understood because functional studies are lacking. Some of
the larger herbivores have elaborated stomach sacculations and a
certain degree of gastric fermentation. In many rodents, large areas
of the stomach are covered by squamous epithelium, sometimes re
ducing the glandular part to a small disk. Function of this stomach
type may be rather that of storage than that of a fermentation
chamber. Total intestinal length, and the fraction occupied by the
caecum increase with dietary fibre content. The energy of cellulose
can partly be utilized by hind-gut fermentation and by direct ab
sorption of the resulting volatile fatty acids. In contrast, sub
stantial amounts of the bacterial protein and the vitamins synthe
sized by caecal fermentation can only be utilized when faecal rein-
gestion takes place.
