Exercise-induced time-dependent changes in plasma BDNF levels in people with schizophrenia

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Citation: Jardim N, Santos S (2016) Effects of a Psychomotor Intervention on Water in the Quality of Life of Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
vv J Nov Physiother Phys Rehabil 3(1): 053-06. DOI: 10.17352/2455-5487.000053
Medical Group
Journal of Novel Physiotherapy and
Physical Rehabilitation
DOI http://doi.org/10.17352/2455-5487.000056 ISSN: 2455-5487 CC By
Laira Fuhr1, Caroline Lavratti1, Ivy
Research Article
Reichert Vital da Silva1, Gustavo
Pereira Reinaldo2, Nathan Ono de Car-
Exercise-induced time-dependent
valho1, Jordana Lectzow de Oliveira1,
Luciane Carniel Wagner1, Jerri Ri- changes in plasma BDNF levels in
beiro1 and Viviane Rostirola Elsner1*
people with schizophrenia
1Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Rehabili-
tation, University Center Methodist-IPA, Porto Alegre,
RS-Brazil
2Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal
University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, RS –
Brazil Abstract
Received: 23 December, 2017
Objective: To investigate the short and long-term outcomes of a concurrent exercise protocol
Accepted: 16 January, 2018
(CEP) on plasma Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and the effect of this intervention in
Published: 18 January, 2018
the self-esteem and mental health in people with schizophrenia (SZ).
*Corresponding author: Dr. Viviane Rostirola Elsner,
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 15 participants underwent a structured, supervised
Reabilitação do Centro Universitário Metodista- and group based CEP for 12 weeks (the sessions were performed 3 times a week for 60 minutes). In
IPA, Rua Coronel Joaquim Pedro Salgado, 80 - Rio order to verify the short- and long-term effects of exercise on BDNF levels, blood samples of 15 ml were
Branco, Porto Alegre – RS, CEP 90420-060, Tel: +55 collected pre-intervention and on the 4th, 8th and 12th week(s) after intervention started. To evaluate
51 33161100; E-mail: self-esteem, the Rosemberg Self-esteem Scale was used, and the general mental health status was
measured through the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12). Both questionnaires were applied
Keywords: Exercise therapy; Schizophrenic psychol- before and after intervention.
ogy; Health; Self-concept; Nerve growth factor
Results: BDNF plasma levels increased signifi cantly at the 12 th week(s) when compared to
https://www.peertechz.com
baseline and in 4 weeks periods. There were no observed changes on self-esteem neither a trend of
improvement in the GHQ at the post-intervention phase when compared to the baseline. Finally, the
CEP reduced signifi cantly anthropometric variables.
Conclusion: The CEP induced time-dependent modulation on BDNF levels in individuals with SZ,
increasing its levels only in a long-term period.
Introduction well as demonstrate remarkable neurocognitive impairments
including reduced functioning [3,12] and defi cits in working
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a severe mental illness which usually memory and verbal learning when compared to the general
starts at a young age [1] and is characterized by abnormalities population [13]. It should be emphasized that some of these
in the perception or expression of reality with a lifetime individuals have low self-esteem, which may be associated
prevalence ranging from 1% to 6.6% [2–4]. Although its
with poor acceptance of the disease and is related to the
physiopathology is unknown, recently discovered evidences
development of depression [14].
suggest that reduced levels of brain-derived neurotrophic
factor (BDNF) have been implicated [5,6], in SZ. BDNF is A sedentary life-style is commonly observed in persons
a neurotrophin essential in promoting synaptic plasticity, with SZ [15], which contributes to the increased prevalence
neurogenesis, cell survival, neuronal growth and maturation of co-morbid illnesses, such as, obesity, metabolic syndrome,
[7]. Furthermore, it is also associated with mood, emotion and
diabetes, hypertension and respiratory diseases [16,17]. On the
memory/ learning processes [8]. This neurotrophin is able
other hand, exercise has been pointed out as an interesting
to cross the blood-brain barrier in a bi-directional manner
accessory to therapeutic strategies in SZ treatment, resulting in
and therefore the blood levels of BDNF may refl ect the brain
benefi cial impacts to both physical and mental health [18–20].
levels of this neurotrophin and vice-versa [9]. In view of these
Symptoms in SZ such as low self-esteem and social withdrawal
considerations, peripheral BDNF levels have been used as
have been demonstrated to be alleviated following exercise
a biomarker in clinical investigations [10].
sessions [21]. In fact, some evidences suggest that BDNF may
Patients with SZ display poorer health behaviors [11] as mediate, at least in part, these benefi cial effects [22,23].
001
Citation: Fuhr L, Lavratti C, da Silva IRV, Reinaldo GP, de Carvalho NO, et al. (2018) Exercise-induced time-dependent changes in plasma BDNF levels in people
with schizophrenia. J Nov Physiother Phys Rehabil 5(1): 001-006. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17352/2455-5487.000056
It is important to highlight that BDNF up-regulation/ The concurrent exercise protocol used in this study followed
release in response to exercise is infl uenced by several factors the recommendations of the American College of Sports
such as modality, intensity, duration and volume of the exercise Medicine [29]. Initially, the participants underwent a week of
session [24,25]. In spite of this knowledge, the time window adaptation characterized by the exercises described below, at
of BDNF modulation following exercise in individuals with SZ a low intensity corresponding to 40% effort of the maximum
has not been suffi ciently explored, making this a research topic cardiorespiratory capacity which was controlled using the Scale
that is particularly relevant. of Perceived Exertion (Borg). The adaptation week’s intention
was to instruct the correct technique of performing the
Additionally, the majority of the studies regarding the
exercises to the patients. The other sessions were divided into
impact of exercise in people with SZ used aerobic and/or
four different exercise periods. An initial warming-up period of
resistance programs, while less attention has been devoted
fi ve minutes, a localized muscular resistance exercises period
to concurrent protocols. This modality is characterized by
of thirty minutes, an aerobic exercise walk period of twenty
the combination of endurance and resistance exercises in the
minutes and fi nishing with a stretching period of fi ve minutes.
same session and showed to improve health-related markers
in this population [26,27]. However, there are no reports
The exercises performed sought to understand the major
demonstrating the effect of a concurrent exercise protocol on
muscle groups involved in aerobic and resistance exercises.
self-esteem and mental health in persons with SZ.
The exercises used were: squats without weights, biceps curls,
Therefore, the aims of the present study were (1) to shoulder lateral raise, plantar fl exion, hip abduction, knee
examine the short and long-term outcomes of a concurrent extension, back extension, abdominals curls and a twenty
exercise protocol on plasma BDNF levels and (2) the impact minutes walk as mentioned above. For each exercise, there
of a concurrent exercise protocol during 12 weeks in the self- were three sets of fi fteen repetitions each. The intensity
esteem and mental health in persons with SZ. was controlled over the range of 10-11 through the Scale of
Perceived Exetertion (Borg), which was used to add weights
Methods
to the exercises, adjusted to maintain the maximum strain
in 15 repetitions as well as the speed of walking in order to
Participants
keep effort at 60% of maximal cardiorespiratory capacity (12-
Twenty-fi ve individuals diagnosed as having SZ of both 13 at Borg Rating). Adherence/frequency to the intervention
genders were invited to participate in this quasi-experimental was measured by attendance in each session.
study. All participants were recruited at the Associação Gaúcha
The participants were requested not to make changes to
de Familiares de Pacientes Esquizofrênicos (AGAFAPE).
their regular diet during the intervention, since the main goal
The study procedures were submitted to the Research of the study was to only analyse the effects of exercise practice
Ethics Committee of the Methodist University Center-IPA on the outcomes outlined below.
and approved under protocol number 1.243.680/2015. After a
detailed description of the study’s objectives and procedures, Assessments
informed consent forms were obtained from all interested
In order to examine the short(-) and long-term effects
participants.
of the concurrent exercise program on plasma BDNF levels,
Inclusion criteria were subjects with a DSM-V diagnosis of blood samples of 15ml were taken in the antecubital region
schizophrenia, aged 18-50 years-old, who were undergoing of the participants at different time-points: before the
medical treatment, participants of AGAFAPE, not to be in a exercise program and on the 4th, 8th and 12th week after
psychotic crisis, not to be ingesting alcohol and/or recreational the intervention started. Self-esteem and mental health
drugs. Subjects were eligible if they had not engaged in any were assessed at baseline and on the 12th week(s) after the
exercise programs in the past six months. The exclusion concurrent exercise protocol.
criteria included the presence of musculoskeletal and joint
disorders that made it diffi cult to carry out physical exercise as Blood sampling and BDNF assay: Histopaque® (Sigma-
well as any individuals with a history of autoimmune diseases; Aldrich 1077) was added into the collected sample in a 1:1
cancer and/or cardiovascular complications and/or having any proportion in a conical tube and then centrifugation was held
medical contraindications. at 1500 rpm for 30 minutes at room temperature. Afterwards,
the “buffer coat” was removed from the portion between
Intervention
plasma and Histopaque®. The plasma was collected and stored
The intervention was characterized by a group-based in conical tubes of 1.5 ml, at -80°C, for later determination
program and it took place on Mondays, Wednesday and of BDNF levels. Plasma BDNF levels were determined with
Fridays. Always at the same time of the day (between 2 P.M. the ELISA method, from Sigma-Aldrich commercial kit
and 3 P.M.), for 12 consecutive weeks. This period was chosen (catalog number RAB0026) according to the manufacturer’s
based on previous studies that show benefi cial effects on SZ instructions. Briefl y, the sample and BDNF specifi c standards
patients after a 12 week exercise intervention period [22,28]. were added to ELISA microplate and incubated for 2.5 hours at
Each session lasted approximately 1 hour and was monitored room temperature. Subsequently, the solutions were discarded
and supervised by an exercise physiologist to ensure the safety and the same plate was washed 4 times with wash buffer
of each participant. (PBS, Tween 20 0.01%). After washing, the secondary antibody
002
Citation: Fuhr L, Lavratti C, da Silva IRV, Reinaldo GP, de Carvalho NO, et al. (2018) Exercise-induced time-dependent changes in plasma BDNF levels in people
with schizophrenia. J Nov Physiother Phys Rehabil 5(1): 001-006. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17352/2455-5487.000056
bound to biotin was added and incubated for 1 hour at room recruited at baseline for the study, 10 were excluded for not
temperature with gentle agitation. The plate was again washed agreeing to perform blood collection. During the program, no
with wash buffer and streptavidin solution was added and participants withdrew and therefore 15 individuals successfully
the plate was incubated at room temperature for 45 minutes completed the 12-weeks intervention period. Training session
with gentle agitation. The solution was discarded and the attendance was highly consistent (~97%). Furthermore, 12
plate put through the washing process. Tetramethylbenzidine weeks of the concurrent exercise protocol were able to improve
(TMB) was added, and then it was incubated for 30 minutes at anthropometric measurements in participants (Table 2).
room temperature, in light deprivation, with gentle agitation.
The stop solution was added and the plate was read in a BDNF Levels at different time-points
spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 450nm. The plasma
As shown in Figure 1, there was a remarkable increase on
BDNF levels were expressed as ng/ml.
BDNF levels at the 12th week period when compared to the
Self-esteem analysis: Self-esteem was assessed through basal (p=0.006) and 4th week (p=0.007) periods.
the application of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale [30], an
Self-esteem and mental health
instrument that proposes a one-dimensional measure with
ten items designed to evaluate the positive or negative attitude
The concurrent exercise protocol did not affect Self-esteem
of the individuals in relation to themselves. The sum of the
and Mental Health in the participants, as described in table 2.
responses to the 10 items gives the scale score, the total ranges
from 10 to 40. A high score refl ects a high self-esteem. It is an Discussion
easily understood, Likert-type self-applied scale (eg: I think I
have several good qualities: (1) I totally disagree (2) disagree After 12(-) weeks of intervention, the participants exhibited
(3) agree (4) totally agree. It was adapted and validated in substantially higher plasma BDNF levels when compared with
Brazilian Portuguese and has been used extensively in Brazil, the baseline and 4th week(s) periods. Our data corroborates
where studies demonstrate its reliability for use in different those obtained by Kim and colleagues[35] who reported
populations [31,32]. increased BDNF values in persons with SZ in response to a
concurrent exercise protocol with similar design than the
Mental health analysis: For the assessment of general
present study (3 days per week during 12 weeks, 60 minutes
mental health we used The General Health Questionnaire -12
each session). On the other hand, it was previously shown
(GHQ-12), an instrument developed to identify psychiatric
that 10 and 20 weeks (twice a week) of a concurrent exercise
symptoms such as depression or anxiety, occurred in the
program did not alter BDNF levels in persons with SZ [27].
two weeks preceding the application [33]. It does not aim
to diagnose pathologies, but to screen for possible cases.
Originally containing 64 questions, the instrument also
Table 1: Sample characteristics
features several reduced versions. In the present study, we
Gender (female/male) 33.3%/ 66.6%
used the 12-item version, validated in Brazil [34]. As it is a
Age (years) 45.80 ± 8.06
Lickert-type scale with four alternatives (Ex: Have you felt
unhappy and depressed: 1) No; 2) As usual; 3) More than usual; Height (meters) 1.69 ± 0.12
4) Much more than usual), for the analysis of the data the scale
Prevalence of medications:
was dichotomized (alternatives 1 and 2 indicated no problem, -Antipsychotics 15(100%)
5(33%)
3 and 4, presence.) (Higher scores indicate a higher prevalence -Antidepressants
3(20%)
of symptoms. -Mood stabilizers
3(20%)
-Benzodiazepines
3(20%)
Statistical analysis -Drugs for cardiovascular disease
3(20%)
-Antiparkinsonian drugs
1(6,66%)
After the normality (Shapiro-Wilk) and variance (Levene’s) -Other
tests, anthropometric, self-esteem and mental health data,
Data presented as mean ± standard deviation (numeric data) or relative frequency
before and after training were considered parametric and then (categorical data).
analyzed using paired Student t-test (presented as mean ±
standard deviation). ANOVA for repeated measures followed
Table 2: Sample characteristics before and after intervention.
by a post-hoc Bonferroni was applied to evaluate BDNF levels
Before After
(non-parametric data) at the different time-points: basal,
4th, 8th, 12th week(s) (presented in median with interquartile Mean SD Mean SD P
range). Signifi cance level was set at p ≤ 0.05 and SPSS 20.0 GHQ-12 2.23 ± 0.41 1.90 ± 4.45 0.057
(SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA) was used. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale 20.17 ± 4.26 20.56 ± 3.85 >0.05
Results Body mass (kg) 73.90 ± 13.01 53.06 ± 34.57
BMI (kg/m²)
26.02 ± 5.14 18.89 ± 12.47
Sample characteristics
Abdominal Circumference (cm) 83.56 ± 35.52 68.86 ± 43.66
Table 1 highlights basic demographic and clinical
Data presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD)
characteristics of the participants. Of the 25 individuals
Denote statistical differences from before physical training (p<0.05).
003
Citation: Fuhr L, Lavratti C, da Silva IRV, Reinaldo GP, de Carvalho NO, et al. (2018) Exercise-induced time-dependent changes in plasma BDNF levels in people
with schizophrenia. J Nov Physiother Phys Rehabil 5(1): 001-006. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17352/2455-5487.000056
in an association of people with schizophrenia (AGAFAPE)
reinforces their self-esteem. At this association, they routinely
receive and share information about their disease, socialize,
exchange support and especially are free from the stigma and
prejudice often present in other (places. Belonging to this
group represents a major boost of self-esteem and personal
empowerment of those individuals.
Although the GHQ-12 is an important instrument developed
to identify psychiatric symptoms, its application, until the
present moment, has never been used in studies conducted with
persons with SZ who were submitted to exercise programs. We
found a tendency of improvement after the intervention, which
suggests that this type of program can favor the well-being
Figure 1:
of these people, reducing general symptoms of anxiety and
depression. Our fi ndings corroborate other studies that indicate
Altogether, these fi ndings led us to hypothesize that BDNF physical exercise(s) may decrease psychiatric symptoms in this
modulation in response to concurrent exercise exposure in population [27,43].
individuals with SZ depends on the weekly training frequency,
Finally, another remarkable point to discuss was the
specifi cally, 3 sessions per week are necessary to promote
adherence of the participants to the program, since there were
signifi cant increases in this biomarker.
no withdrawals. One possible explanation for this positive
A growing body of evidence has demonstrated that single response of the participants could be the intervention profi le,
bouts of or short-duration exercise protocols are able to induce which was characterized by structured, supervised and group
signifi cant enhancement on BDNF levels in both healthy and based exercise programs that seems to be more attractive for
psychiatric patients, as well as in persons with bipolar disorder them when compared to non-structured and non-group based,
[10,36,37]. Thus, failing to observe BDNF modulation after 4 as previously reported [26,44,45].
weeks of intervention in the current study is unexpected. We
might suggest that the modulation of BDNF in response to A limitation of the current study is the quasi-experimental
this physical exercise modality, in persons with SZ, occurs in a design, which does not include a control group. Further
time-dependent manner, requiring long-term exposure. investigations should be done with a more robust number of
participants, which could enable us to assess other criteria,
Recent experimental and clinical evidences have
such as the possible infl uence of the use of medication, age and
demonstrated that BDNF plays a pivotal role on energy
gender in response to exercise modulation on BDNF levels in
homeostasis, eating behavior, regulation of appetite, and
persons with SZ.
weight regulation/reduction [23,38–41]. Our data can be
related to these studies, since in combination to BDNF Summarizing, this study demonstrated that a concurrent
enhancement, SZ individuals showed an improvement in body exercise program induced higher levels of BDNF and contributed
composition (including body mass and BMI decrease) after to improve(s) anthropometric measurements in persons with
a 12 week program of concurrent exercise. In accordance, SZ. These fi ndings reinforce that exercise might be considered
Kim and colleagues [35] reported that a concurrent exercise
an effective, low-cost, therapeutic strategy to regulate (these
intervention during 12 weeks, three days per week, increased
individuals through regulating) BDNF levels. Exercise acts in
BDNF levels and also reduced anthropometric variables in
a time-dependent manner, it’s benefi ts are more evident the
persons with SZ. Altogether, these fi ndings support the idea
longer the subject is exposed to it.
regarding the protective effects of BDNF in the metabolism
of this population, which could be improved with long-term Acknowledgments
exercise practice.
This work was supported by Coordenação de
It has been widely reported that different physical exercise Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES),
programs are able to improve self-esteem in persons with Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científi co e Tecnológico
SZ [42,43]. To our knowledge, this study has described for (CNPq) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio
the fi rst time the impact of a concurrent exercise protocol in Grande do Sul (FAPERGS)/Brazil. We also thank AGAFAPE for
this variable. Surprisingly, no difference in self-esteem was
their receptiveness and collaboration.
observed after the intervention, which might be explained
by the stable situation of this group of subjects. This stability References
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with schizophrenia. J Nov Physiother Phys Rehabil 5(1): 001-006. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17352/2455-5487.000056
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Copyright: © 2018 Fuhr L, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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Citation: Fuhr L, Lavratti C, da Silva IRV, Reinaldo GP, de Carvalho NO, et al. (2018) Exercise-induced time-dependent changes in plasma BDNF levels in people
with schizophrenia. J Nov Physiother Phys Rehabil 5(1): 001-006. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17352/2455-5487.000056