Executive Functions in Health and Disease

584 Pages·2017·12.455 MB·English

by  Goldberg, Elkhonon

Executive Functions in Health
and Disease
Executive Functions
in Health and Disease
Edited by
Elkhonon Goldberg
New York University School ofMedicine
New York, NY, United States
AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier
125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom
525BStreet,Suite1800,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,UnitedStates
50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates
TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom
Copyrightr2017ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicor
mechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without
permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthe
Publisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearance
CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions.
ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher
(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroaden
ourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecome
necessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingand
usinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationor
methodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomthey
haveaprofessionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeany
liabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceor
otherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthe
materialherein.
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress
ISBN:978-0-12-803676-1
ForInformationonallAcademicPresspublications
visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher:NikkiLevy
AcquisitionEditor:NikkiLevy
EditorialProjectManager:BarbaraMakinster
ProductionProjectManager:CarolineJohnson
CoverDesigner:MatthewLimbert
TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India
List of Contributors
MasaoAihara GraduateFacultyofInterdisciplinaryResearch,Universityof
Yamanashi,Yamanashi,Japan
AmyF.T.Arnsten DepartmentofNeuroscience,YaleUniversitySchoolof
Medicine,NewHaven,CT,UnitedStates
AnnaBarczak NeurodegenerativeDepartment,NeurologyClinic,MSWHospital,
Warsaw,Poland
Joa˜oJ.Cerqueira NeuroscienceDomain,UniversityofMinhoandICVS/3B’s-PT
GovernmentAssociateLaboratory,Braga/Guimara˜es,Portugal
IreneCristofori CognitiveNeuroscienceLaboratory,RehabilitationInstituteof
Chicago,Chicago,IL,UnitedStates; DepartmentofPhysicalMedicine
and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University,
Chicago,IL,UnitedStates
KirkR.Daffner DepartmentofNeurology,Brigham&Women’sHospital,Harvard
MedicalSchool,Boston,MA,UnitedStates
JinFan TheGraduateCenter,TheCityUniversityofNewYork,NewYork,NY,
United States; Department of Psychology, Queens College, The City University
ofNewYork,Queens,NY,UnitedStates; DepartmentofPsychiatry,
IcahnSchoolofMedicineatMountSinai,NewYork,NY,
UnitedStates; DepartmentofNeuroscience,IcahnSchoolofMedicineat
MountSinai,NewYork,NY,UnitedStates
Joaqu´ınM.Fuster SemelInstitute,SchoolofMedicine,UniversityofCalifornia
LosAngeles,LosAngeles,CA,UnitedStates
ElkhononGoldberg LuriaNeuroscienceInstitute,NewYork,NY,United
States; NewYorkUniversitySchoolofMedicine,NewYork,NY,UnitedStates
JordanGrafman CognitiveNeuroscienceLaboratory,RehabilitationInstituteof
Chicago,Chicago,IL,UnitedStates; DepartmentofPhysicalMedicineand
Rehabilitation,FeinbergSchoolofMedicine,NorthwesternUniversity,
Chicago,IL,UnitedStates; DepartmentofNeurology,FeinbergSchool
ofMedicine,NorthwesternUniversity,Chicago,IL,UnitedStates
AdamHampshire TheComputationalCognitiveandClinicalNeuroimaging
Laboratory (C3NL), The Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London,
London,UnitedKingdom
xv
xvi ListofContributors
Michał Harciarek DepartmentofClinicalPsychologyandNeuropsychology,
InstituteofPsychology,UniversityofGdan´sk,Gdan´sk,Poland; Department
ofSocialSciences,UniversityofGdan´sk,Gdan´sk,Poland
KjellToreHovik DivisionofMentalHealthCare,InnlandetHospitalTrust,
Sanderud,Norway; DepartmentofNeurology,InnlandetHospitalTrust,
Elverum,Norway
LayneKalbfleisch DepartmentofPediatrics,TheGeorgeWashingtonSchoolof
MedicineandHealthSciences,Washington,DC,UnitedStates
ZˇeljkaKrsnik LaboratoryforDigitalizationofZagrebBrainCollection,Croatian
InstituteforBrainResearch,UniversityofZagrebSchoolofMedicine,
Salata, Zagreb, Croatia; Laboratory forNeurogenomics and InSituHybridization,
CroatianInstituteforBrainResearch,UniversityofZagrebSchoolof
Medicine,Salata,Zagreb,Croatia
HakwanLau PsychologyDepartment,UniversityofCaliforniaLosAngeles,
LosAngeles,CA,UnitedStates; BrainResearchInstitute,Universityof
CaliforniaLosAngeles,LosAngeles,CA,UnitedStates
DanielS.Levine DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofTexasatArlington,
Arlington,TX,UnitedStates
SethLew PsychologyDepartment,UniversityofCaliforniaLosAngeles,
LosAngeles,CA,UnitedStates
TaberC.Lightbourne DepartmentofNeuroscience,YaleUniversitySchoolof
Medicine,NewHaven,CT,UnitedStates
Melissa-AnnMackie TheGraduateCenter,TheCityUniversityofNewYork,
NewYork,NY,UnitedStates; DepartmentofPsychology,QueensCollege,
TheCityUniversityofNewYork,Queens,NY,UnitedStates
CharlesMarmar DepartmentofPsychiatry,NewYorkUniversityLangoneMedical
Center,NewYork,NY,UnitedStates
AaronP.Nelson DepartmentofPsychiatry,Brigham&Women’sHospital,
HarvardMedicalSchool,Boston,MA,UnitedStates
JenniferNewman DepartmentofPsychiatry,NewYorkUniversityLangone
MedicalCenter,NewYork,NY,UnitedStates
MadisonA.Niermeyer DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofUtah,
SaltLakeCity,UT,UnitedStates
MereteØie ResearchDepartment,InnlandetHospitalTrust,Lillehammer,
Norway; DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofOslo,Oslo,Norway
SilvanaRiggio DepartmentofPsychiatry,IcahnSchoolofMedicineatMountSinai,
New York, NY, United States; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of
Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Psychosomatic
Medicine, Consultation Liaison Psychiatry Service, James Peters Bronx Veterans
AdministrationHospital,Bronx,NY,UnitedStates
GoranSedmak DivisionofDevelopmentalNeuroscience,CroatianInstitutefor
BrainResearch,UniversityofZagrebSchoolofMedicine,Salata,Zagreb,Croatia
ListofContributors xvii
LeenaShoemaker DepartmentofPsychology,YorkUniversity,Toronto,ON,
Canada
DavidA.Silbersweig DepartmentofNeurology,Brigham&Women’sHospital,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry,
Brigham&Women’sHospital,HarvardMedicalSchool,Boston,MA,
UnitedStates
EmiliaJ.Sitek DepartmentofNeurology,St.AdalbertHospital,Gdan´sk,
Poland; DepartmentofNeurological andPsychiatricNursing,Medical University
ofGdan´sk,Gdan´sk,Poland
NunoSousa NeuroscienceDomain,UniversityofMinhoandICVS/3B’s-PT
GovernmentAssociateLaboratory,Braga/Guimara˜es,Portugal
R.NathanSpreng DepartmentofHumanDevelopment,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,
NY, United States; Human Neuroscience Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca,
NY,UnitedStates
YanaSuchy DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofUtah,SaltLakeCity,UT,
UnitedStates
JohnF.Sullivan DepartmentofNeurology,Brigham&Women’sHospital,Harvard
Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Brigham
&Women’sHospital,HarvardMedicalSchool,Boston,MA,UnitedStates
GaryR.Turner DepartmentofPsychology,YorkUniversity,Toronto,ON,Canada
AntonioVerdejo-Garcia SchoolofPsychologicalSciencesandMonashInstituteof
CognitiveandClinicalNeurosciences(MICCN),Melbourne,VIC,Australia
DanielS.Weisholtz DepartmentofNeurology,Brigham&Women’sHospital,
HarvardMedicalSchool,Boston,MA,UnitedStates
SaraWildstein DepartmentofPsychiatry,IcahnSchoolofMedicineatMountSinai,
NewYork,NY,UnitedStates
AleksandraWojtowicz DepartmentofSocialSciences,UniversityofGdan´sk,
Gdan´sk,Poland
RosemaryE.Ziemnik DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofUtah,SaltLake
City,UT,UnitedStates
Preface
Neuroscience used to be the monopoly of a few elite universities located in a
handful of countries. Neuropsychology used to be a quaint niche discipline
relatively unconnected to the larger world of neuroscience and content in its
methods with paper-and-pencil tests. Neuroscience itself was relatively
unconcerned with higher-order cognition, and the very term “cognitive neu-
roscience” was often met with rolled eyes by scientists working in more
established areas of brain research (a personal observation made in the 1980s
and even 1990s on more than one occasion). And the interest in executive
functions was shared by a very small club of neuropsychologists and neuros-
cientists, a fact often noted in their times by the pioneers of “frontal-lobe”
research Alexander Luria and ageneration later Patricia Goldman-Rakic.
None of this is true today. Important neuroscience research is conducted
at numerous academic and biomedical centers worldwide. We are witnessing
a substantial fusion, or at least blending, of cognitive neuroscience and neu-
ropsychology. The terms “executive functions” and “frontal-lobe functions”
are no longer used interchangeably, and a more refined understanding of
both has emerged. Executive functions in health and disease have become
the target of intense investigation by scores of researchers, arguably one of
the most heavily populated territories of cognitive and clinical neuroscience
(I recall a slide used in her lectures by the late Goldman-Rakic, with the
number of stick-men drawn in each lobe reflecting the relative level of
research interest in its functions. The slide, with its conspicuous near-
absence of stick-men in the frontal lobe, would have to be re-drawn today).
The range of research tools deployed for the understanding of executive
function and dysfunction has also grown and continues to grow. Today it
includes animal models, genetic studies, biochemical approaches, various
forms of structural and functional neuroimaging, computational modeling
involving neural nets and other methods, lesion and specific disorder studies,
as well as a constantly expanding arsenal of sophisticated cognitive probes.
In its clinical applications, the research into the nature of executive dysfunc-
tion is no longer limited to the traditional neuropsychological territory of
focal lesions directly contained within the frontal lobes, and has expanded
into a wide range of both focal and non-focal disorders whose impact is not
restricted tothe prefrontal cortex.
xix
xx Preface
The vast expansion of interest in both healthy and impaired executive
functions is reflected in the chapter composition of this book. Among the
contributors are recognized authorities who played a pivotal role in shaping
the modern understanding of executive functions, as well as young neuros-
cientists who joined the field relatively recently. The contributors employ a
wide range of technologies and tools and conduct their research at universi-
ties in North America; Western, Central, and Eastern Europe; Asia; and
Australia. Capturing the generational, geographic, and methodological
expanse of the interest in executive functions has been the editor’s intent and
is a distinguishing featureof the volume.
The book is divided into two sections: Executive Functions in Health and
Executive Functions in Disease. In the first section, various aspects of
healthyexecutive functions are examined. The topics include a broad general
conceptualization of executive functions by a preeminent pioneer of the field
(Joaquin Fuster); cellular mechanisms of executive functions and working
memory (Taber Lightbourne and Amy Arnsten); gene expression in the fron-
tal lobes (Zeljka Krznik and Goran Sedmak); large-scale networks and the
frontallobes(Adam Hampshire);computational neural net modeling ofexec-
utive functions and decision making (Daniel Levine); frontal lobes and con-
sciousness (Seth Lew and Hakwan Lau); neurodevelopmental aspects of
executive functions (Layne Kalbfleisch); changes affecting executive func-
tions in aging (Nathan Spreng, Leena Shoemaker, and Gary Turner); and a
broad survey of neuropsychological assessment methods used in the neuro-
psychological research into executive functions (Yana Suchi, Rosemary
Ziemnik, andMadisonNiermeyer).
Inthe secondsections,multipleforms of executive dysfunctionareexam-
ined across a wide range of neurological, psychiatric, and medical condi-
tions. Both broad categories of disorders and specific disorders are
examined. The broad clinical categories examined include the mechanisms
of cognitive, behavioral and emotional inflexibility, and perseveration across
a number of neuropsychiatric disorders (Daniel Weisholtz, John Sullivan,
Aaron Nelson, Kirk Daffner, and David Silbersweig); large-scale cognitive
control network alteration in neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism,
schizophrenia, and depression (Melissa-Ann Makie and Jin Fan); executive
functions in neurodevelopmental disorders, including ADHD, focal frontal
lesions, and epileptic foci (Masao Aihara); executive dysfunction in striatal
disorders, including Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and chronic
stress (Joao Cergueira and Nuno Sousa); executive dysfunction in dementias,
including Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia,
progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal syndrome, motor neuron dis-
ease, Parkinson’s disease, Lewy body dementia, and Huntington’s disease
(Michal Harciarek, Emilia Sitek, and Anna Barczak); executive dysfunction
in medical conditions, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kid-
ney disease, HIV encephalopathy, hepatic encephalopathy, thyroid disease,
Preface xxi
and rheumatoid arthritis (Michal Harciarek and Aleksandra Wojtowicz);
addictions to a number of substances, including cannabis, cocaine, metham-
phetamine, and opioids (Antonio Verdejo-Garcia); examination of the paral-
lels between the effects of lateralized frontal lesions, hemiparkinsonian
syndromes, and variants of Tourette’s syndrome (Kjell Hovik, Merete Oie,
and Elkhonon Goldberg); as well as a broad survey of neuropsychological
assessment methods used for the clinical assessment of executive functions
(Yana Suchi). The specific disorders examined include executive dysfunction
and efforts to rehabilitate it in traumatic brain injury (Irene Christofori and
Jordan Grafman); frontal-lobe seizures (Sara Wildstein and Silvana Riggio);
executive deficit in post-traumatic stress disorder (Jennifer Newman and
Charles Marmar); and executive dysfunction in Tourette’s syndrome (Kjell
Hovik).
From being a niche research enterprise, executive functions research has
burgeoned into a vast area of neuroscience with its own niches and sub-
niches, often with relatively little interaction between them. While probably
unavoidable, such “Balkanization” of the field is unfortunate and self-
defeating. Hopefully, combining in one volume chapters on basic and clini-
cal executive functions research employing a variety of approaches and
methodologies will help update the readers’ knowledge of the advances in
their own niches as well as help familiarize them with the state of affairs in
others; both update the readers about the more recent work by acknowledged
leaders in the field, and introduce him to the new generation of neuroscien-
tists advancing our understanding of executive function and dysfunction and
representing the future ofthe field.
Elkhonon Goldberg
December 2016
New York City