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Exceptional Learners
An Introduction to Special Education
ISBN 978-1-29202-258-1
Hallahan Kauffman Pullen
Twelfth Edition
9 781292 022581
Exceptional Learners
An Introduction to Special Education
Hallahan Kauffman Pullen
Twelfth Edition
ISBN 10: 1-292-02258-2
ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02258-1
Pearson Education Limited
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book by such owners.
ISBN 10: 1-292-02258-2
ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02258-1
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Printed in the United States of America
112223331369260371481531951313797
P E A R S O N C U S T O M L I B R AR Y
Table of Contents
Glossary
Daniel P. Hallahan/James M. Kauffman/Paige C. Pullen 1
1. Exceptionality and Special Education
Daniel P. Hallahan/James M. Kauffman/Paige C. Pullen 13
2. Current Practices for Meeting the Needs of Exceptional Learners
Daniel P. Hallahan/James M. Kauffman/Paige C. Pullen 37
3. Multicultural and Bilingual Aspects of Special Education
Daniel P. Hallahan/James M. Kauffman/Paige C. Pullen 69
4. Parents and Families
Daniel P. Hallahan/James M. Kauffman/Paige C. Pullen 97
5. Learners with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Daniel P. Hallahan/James M. Kauffman/Paige C. Pullen 125
6. Learners with Learning Disabilities
Daniel P. Hallahan/James M. Kauffman/Paige C. Pullen 163
7. Learners with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Daniel P. Hallahan/James M. Kauffman/Paige C. Pullen 201
8. Learners with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
Daniel P. Hallahan/James M. Kauffman/Paige C. Pullen 239
9. Learners with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Daniel P. Hallahan/James M. Kauffman/Paige C. Pullen 275
10. Learners with Communication Disorders
Daniel P. Hallahan/James M. Kauffman/Paige C. Pullen 311
11. Learners Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
Daniel P. Hallahan/James M. Kauffman/Paige C. Pullen 343
12. Learners with Blindness or Low Vision
Daniel P. Hallahan/James M. Kauffman/Paige C. Pullen 381
I
444552581237971
13. Learners with Low-Incidence, Multiple, and Severe Disabilities
Daniel P. Hallahan/James M. Kauffman/Paige C. Pullen 423
14. Learners with Physical Disabilities and Other Health Impairments
Daniel P. Hallahan/James M. Kauffman/Paige C. Pullen 457
15. Learners with Special Gifts and Talents
Daniel P. Hallahan/James M. Kauffman/Paige C. Pullen 489
Appendix
Daniel P. Hallahan/James M. Kauffman/Paige C. Pullen 517
Index 521
II
GLOSSARY
A AmniocentesisA medical procedure that allows examination
of the amniotic fluid around the fetus; sometimes
AccelerationAn approach in which students with special gifts
recommended to determine the presence of abnormality.
or talents are placed in grade levels ahead of their age peers in
AndrogenA hormone that is responsible for controlling the
one or more academic subjects.
development of male characteristics.
Accessible pedestrian signal (APSs)Devices for people who
AnoxiaDeprivation of oxygen; can cause brain injury.
are blind to let them know when the “walk” signal is on at
intersections; can be auditory, tactile, or both. Anxiety disorderA disorder characterized by anxiety,
fearfulness, and avoidance of ordinary activities because of
AccommodationsChanges in the delivery of instruction, type
anxiety or fear.
of student performance, or method of assessment which do
not significantly change the content or conceptual difficulty of AphoniaLoss of voice.
the curriculum. Applied behavior analysis (ABA)Highly structured approach
Acquired apraxiaAs in Developmental apraxia, there are that focuses on teaching functional skills and continuous
problems in motor planning such that the child has difficulty in assessment of progress; grounded in behavioral learning
producing speech sounds and organizing words and word theory.
sounds for effective communication. However, the problem is ApraxiaThe inability to plan and coordinate speech.
known to be caused by neurological damage. Aqueous humorA watery substance between the cornea and
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDs)A virus- lens of the eye.
caused illness resulting in a breakdown of the immune system; Asperger syndromeOne of five autistic spectrum disorders; a
currently, no known cure exists. milder form of autism without significant impairments in
AcuteA serious state of illness or injury from which someone language and cognition; characterized by primary problems in
often recovers with treatment. social interaction.
AdaptationsChanges in curricular content or conceptual Assistance cardA relatively small card containing a message
difficulty or changes in instructional objectives and methods. that alerts the public that the user is deaf-blind and needs
Adapted signsSigns adapted for use by people who are deaf- assistance in crossing the street.
blind; tactually based rather than visually based, such as AsthmaA lung disease characterized by episodic difficulty in
American Sign Language for those who are deaf but sighted. breathing, particularly exhaling, due to inflammation
Adaptive behaviorThe social and practical intelligence used obstruction of the air passages.
in people’s everyday lives; along with IQ, is considered in AstigmatismBlurred vision caused by an irregular cornea
making a determination of intellectual disability. orlens.
Adaptive behavior skillsSkills needed to adapt to one’s living AtonicLack of muscle tone; floppiness.
environment (e.g., communication, self-care, home living, social AtresiaAbsence or closure of a part of the body that is
skills, community use, self-direction, health and safety, normally open.
functional academics, leisure, and work); usually estimated by
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)A
an adaptive behavior survey; one of two major components (the
condition characterized by severe problems of inattention,
other is intellectual functioning) of the AAMR definition.
hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity; often found in people with
Adaptive devicesSpecial tools that are adaptations of learning disabilities.
common items to make accomplishing self-care, work, or
AudiologistAn individual trained in audiology, the science
recreation activities easier for people with physical disabilities.
dealing with hearing impairments, their detection, and
AdderallA psychostimulant for ADHD; its effects are longer remediation.
acting than those of Ritalin.
Audiometric zeroThe lowest level at which people with
Adventitiously deafDeafness that occurs through illness or normal hearing can hear.
accident in an individual who was born with normal hearing.
Auditory-oral approachA method of teaching
Affective disorderA disorder of mood or emotional tone communication to people who are deaf that stresses the use of
characterized by depression or elation. visual cues, such as speechreading and cued speech.
AggressionBehavior that intentionally causes others harm or Auditory-verbal approachPart of the oral approach to
that elicits escape or avoidance responses from others. teaching students who are hearing impaired; stresses teaching
Aim LineUsed in CBM; based on expected growth norms, a the person to use his or her remaining hearing as much as
line drawn from the baseline data point to the anticipated end possible; heavy emphasis on use of amplification; heavy
of instruction. emphasis on teaching speech.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)Civil rights Augmentative or alternative communication (AAC)
legislation for persons with disabilities ensuring Alternative forms of communication that do not use the oral
nondiscrimination in a broad range of activities. sounds of speech or that augment the use of speech.
From Glossary of Exceptional Learners: An Introduction to Special Education, 12/e. Daniel P. Hallahan. James M. Kauffman.
Paige C. Pullen. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
1
GLOSSARY
AuricleThe visible part of the ear, composed of cartilage; American Sign Language as a first language and English as a
collects the sounds and funnels them via the external auditory second language and promotes the teaching of Deaf culture.
canal to the eardrum. BrailleA system in which raised dots allow people who are
AutismOne of five autistic spectrum disorders; characterized blind to read with their fingertips; each quadrangular cell
by extreme social withdrawal and impairment in contains from one to six dots, the arrangement of which
communication; other common characteristics are stereotyped denotes different letters and symbols.
movements, resistance to environmental change or change in Braille billsLegislation passed in several states to make braille
daily routines, and unusual responses to sensory experiences; more available to students with visual impairment; specific
usually evident before age of 3 years; a pervasive provisions vary from state to state, but major advocates have
developmental disability characterized by extreme withdrawal, lobbied for (1) making braille available if parents want it, and
cognitive deficits, language disorders, self-stimulation, and (2) ensuring that teachers of students with visual impairment
onset before the age of 30 months. are proficient in braille.
Autism or autistic spectrum disorderA pervasive Braille notetakersPortable devices that can be used to take
developmental disability characterized by extreme withdrawal, notes in braille, which are then converted to speech, braille,
cognitive deficits, language disorders, self-stimulation, and ortext.
onset before the age of 30 months.
Brain stem-evoked response audiometryMeasures
Autism spectrum disordersFive similar conditions: autism, electrical signals from the brain stem that are in response to an
Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative auditory stimulus, such as a click.
disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise
specified; all involve varying degrees of problems with C
communication skills, social interactions, and repetitive and
stereotyped patterns of behavior. CataractsA condition caused by clouding of the lens of the
eye; affects color vision and distance vision.
Autistic regressionPhenomenon whereby a child appears to
progress normally until about 16 to 24 months of age and, CaudateA structure in the basal ganglia of the brain; site of
then, begins to show signs of being autistic and ultimately is abnormal development in persons with ADHD.
diagnosed as autistic. Center-based programA program implemented primarily in
Autistic savantA person with severe autism whose social and a school or center, not in the student’s home.
language skills are markedly delayed but who also has Central coherenceThe inclination to bring meaning to
advanced skills in a particular area, such as calculation or stimuli by conceptualizing it as a whole; thought to be weak in
drawing. people with ASD.
CerebellumAn organ at the base of the brain responsible for
B
coordination and movement; site of abnormal development in
Basal gangliaA set of structures within the brain that include persons with ADHD.
the caudate, globus pallidus, and putamen, the first two being Cerebral palsy (CP)A condition characterized by paralysis,
abnormal in people with ADHD; generally responsible for the weakness, lack of coordination, and/or other motor
coordination and control of movement. dysfunction; caused by damage to the brain before it has
Baseline Data PointUsed in CBM; the beginning score matured.
gathered before an intervention begins, e.g, the number of CHARGE syndromeA genetic syndrome resulting in deaf-
correct words per minute that a student reads before receiving blindness; characterized by physical anomalies, often including
a fluency intervention. coloboma (abnormalities of the pupil, retina and/or optic
Behavior managementStrategies and techniques used to nerve), cranial nerves, heart defects, atresia (absence or
increase desirable behavior and decrease undesirable behavior. closure) of the chonae (air passages from nose to throat),
May be applied in the classroom, home, or other environment. retardation in growth and mental development, genital
abnormalities, ear malformation and/or hearing loss.
Behavior modificationSystematic control of environmental
events, especially of consequences, to produce specific ChoanaeAir passages from the nose to the throat.
changes in observable responses. May include reinforcement, ChoreoathetoidCharacterized by involuntary movements and
punishment, modeling, self-instruction, desensitization, guided difficulty with balance; associated with choreoathetoid cerebral
practice, or any other technique for strengthening or palsy.
eliminating a particular response. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)A method of testing the
Behavioral inhibitionThe ability to stop an intended unborn fetus for a variety of chromosomal abnormalities, such
response, to stop an ongoing response, to guard an ongoing as Down syndrome; a small amount of tissue from the chorion
response from interruption, and to refrain from responding (a membrane that eventually helps form the placenta) is
immediately; allows executive functions to occur; delayed or extracted and tested; can be done earlier than amniocentesis
impaired in those with ADHD. but the risk of miscarriage is slightly higher.
Behavioral phenotypeA collection of behaviors, including Chromosomal disorderAny of several syndromes resulting
cognitive, language, and social behaviors as well as from abnormal or damaged chromosome(s); can result in
psychopathological symptoms, that tend to occur together in intellectual disabilities.
people with a specific genetic syndrome. ChromosomeA rod-shaped entity in the nucleus of the cell;
Bicultural-bilingual approachAn approach for teaching contains genes, which convey hereditary characteristics; each
students with hearing impairment that stresses teaching cell in the human body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.
2
GLOSSARY
ChronicA long-lasting condition; not temporary. ComorbidityCo-occurrence of two or more conditions in the
Chronological ageRefers to how old a person is; used in same individual.
comparison to mental age to determine IQ. IQ (cid:2)(mental age Competitive employmentA workplace that provides
(cid:3)chronological age) (cid:4)100. employment that pays at least minimum wage and in which
Classwide peer tutoring (CWPT)An instructional procedure most workers are nondisabled.
in which all students in the class are involved in tutoring and Comprehension monitoringThe ability to keep track of
being tutored by classmates on specific skills as directed by one’s own comprehension of reading material and to make
their teacher. adjustments to comprehend better while reading; often
Cleft palateA condition in which there is a rift or split deficient in students with learning disabilities.
in the upper part of the oral cavity; may include the upper lip Conditioned play audiometryUsing pure tones or speech,
(cleft lip). the examiner teaches the child to do various activities
Clinical historyA history both from the patient and from a whenever he hears a signal.
close contact such as parents, spouse, or significant other. Conduct disorderA disorder characterized by overt,
Closed head injuryDamage to the brain that occurs without aggressive, disruptive behavior or covert antisocial acts such as
penetration of the skull; might be caused by a blow to the stealing, lying, and fire setting; may include both overt and
head or violent shaking by an adult. covert acts.
CoachingA technique whereby a friend or therapist offers Conductive hearing impairmentA hearing impairment,
encouragement and support for a person with ADHD. usually mild, resulting from malfunctioning along the
conductive pathway of the ear (i.e., the outer or middle ear).
CochleaA snail-shaped organ that lies below the vestibular
mechanism in the inner ear; its parts convert the sounds CongenitalA characteristic or condition that is present at
coming from the middle ear into electrical signals that are birth; might or might not be due to genetic factors.
transmitted to the brain. Congenital anomalyAn irregularity (anomaly) that is present
Cochlear implantationA surgical procedure that allows at birth; might or might not be due to genetic factors.
people who are deaf to hear some environmental sounds; an Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV)The most frequently
external coil fitted on the skin by the ear picks up sound from occurring viral infection in newborns; can result in a variety of
a microphone worn by the person and transmits it to an disabilities, especially hearing impairment.
internal coil implanted in the bone behind the ear, which Congenitally deafDeafness that is present at birth; can be
carries it to an electrode implanted in the cochlea of the caused by genetic factors, by injuries during fetal development,
innerear. or by injuries occurring at birth.
CognitionThe ability to solve problems and use strategies; Connexin-26 geneA gene, the mutation of which causes
an area of difficulty for many persons with learning deafness; the leading cause of congenital deafness in children.
disabilities.
Constant time delayAn instructional procedure whereby the
Cognitive mappingA nonsequential way of conceptualizing teacher makes a request while simultaneously prompting the
the spatial environment that allows a person who is visually student and then over several occasions makes the same
impaired to know where several points in the environment are request and waits a constant period of time before prompting;
simultaneously; allows for better mobility than does a strictly often used with students with intellectual disabilites.
sequential conceptualization of the environment.
Content enhancementThe modification of curriculum
Cognitive trainingA group of training procedures designed materials to make them more salient or prominent, e.g.,
to change thoughts or thought patterns. graphic organizers and mnemonics.
Collaborative consultationAn approach in which a special Continuous performance test (CPT)A test measuring a
educator and a general educator collaborate to come up with person’s ability to sustain attention to rapidly presented stimuli;
teaching strategies for a student with disabilities. The can help in the diagnosis of ADHD.
relationship between the two professionals is based on the
Cooperative learningA teaching approach in which the
premises of shared responsibility and equal authority.
teacher places students with heterogeneous abilities (for
ColobomaA condition of the eye in which the pupil is example, some might have disabilities) together to work on
abnormally shaped and/or there are abnormalities of the retina assignments.
or optic nerve; can result in loss of visual acuity and extreme
Cooperative teachingAn approach in which general
sensitivity to light.
educators and special educators teach together in the general
CommunicationThe process of sharing information. classroom; it helps the special educator know the context of
Communication disordersImpairments in the ability to use the general education classroom better.
speech or language to communicate. CorneaA transparent cover in front of the iris and pupil in the
Communicative functionActs of communication, such as eye; responsible for most of the refraction of light rays in
requesting, rejecting, commenting, arguing, and reasoning. focusing on an object.
Communicative IntentThe need to communicate for social Corpus callosumA part of the brain, consisting of millions of
reasons; thought to be lacking in most children with autism. fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres; responsible
Community residential facility (CRF)A place, usually a for communication between the two hemispheres; site of
group home, in an urban or residential neighborhood where abnormal development in persons with ADHD.
about 3 to 10 adults with intellectual disabilities live under Cortical visual impairment (CVI)A poorly understood
supervision. childhood condition that apparently involves dysfunction in
3
GLOSSARY
the visual cortex; characterized by large day-to-day variations Diabetic retinopathyA condition resulting from interference
in visual ability. with the blood supply to the retina; the fastest-growing cause
Co-teachingA special educator working side-by-side with a of blindness.
general educator in a classroom, both teachers providing DialectsA variation of a language that differs from that
instruction to the group. standard language based on phonology, vocabulary, or
Cranial nervesTwelve pairs of nerves that connect the brain grammar. Dialects may be distinct to members of a particular
with various muscles and glands in the body. group (e.g., ethnic group, regional group).
CreativityThe ability to express novel and useful ideas, to Direct Instruction (DI)A method of teaching academics,
sense and elucidate new and important relationships, and to especially reading and math; emphasizes drill and practice and
ask previously unthought of, but crucial, questions. immediate feedback; lessons are precisely sequenced, fast-
paced, and well-rehearsed by the teacher.
Cued speechA method to aid speechreading in people with
hearing impairment; the speaker uses hand shapes to represent DopamineA neurotransmitter, the levels of which may be
sounds. abnormal in people with ADHD.
Curriculum based measurement (CBM)A formative Doppler effectA term used to describe the phenomenon of
evaluation method designed to evaluate performance in the the pitch of a sound rising as the listener movies toward its
curriculum to which students are exposed; usually involves source.
giving students a small sample of items from the curriculum in Down syndromeA condition resulting from an abnormality
use in their schools; proponents argue that CBM is preferable with the 21st pair of chromosomes; the most common
to comparing students with national norms or using tests that abnormality is a triplet rather than a pair (the condition
do not reflect the curriculum content learned by the students. sometimes referred to as trisomy 21); characterized by
Customized employmentBased on an assessment of the intellectual disability and such physical signs as slanted-
individual’s strengths, weaknesses, and interests, the job appearing eyes, hypotonia, a single palmar crease, shortness,
matches the person’s profile of interests and skills. and a tendency toward obesity.
Cystic fibrosisAn inherited disease affecting primarily the Due process hearingA non-court proceeding held before an
gastrointestinal (GI) tract and respiratory organs; characterized impartial hearing officer.
by thick, sticky mucous that often interferes with breathing or Dynamic assessmentsAn interactive assessment process that
digestion. involves ongoing analysis of student learning in response to an
intervention.
D
DysarthriaA condition in which brain damage causes
Daily living skillsSkills required for living independently, impaired control of the muscles used in articulation.
such as dressing, toileting, bathing, cooking, and other typical DysfluenciesHesitations, repetitions, and other disruptions of
daily activities of nondisabled adults. normal speech flow.
DecibelsUnits of relative loudness of sounds; zero decibels
E
(0dB) designates the point at which people with normal
hearing can just detect sound. Early expressive language delay (EELD)A significant lag in
DecodingThe ability to convert print to spoken language; the development of expressive language that is apparent by
dependent on phonemic awareness and understanding of the age 2.
alphabetic principles; a significant problem for many people Early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI)A program
with reading disabilities. anchored in the applied behavioral analysis tradition that
DeinstitutionalizationA social movement starting in the emphasizes the role of parents as interventionists, and requires
1960s whereby large numbers of persons with intellectual considerable time commitments from therapists and parents in
disabilities and/or mental illness are moved from large mental implementing very structured training on discrete skills. Some
institutions into smaller community homes or into the homes researchers have found it to be effective in improving language
of their families; recognized as a major catalyst for integrating and functional skills in many, although not all, young children
persons with disabilities into society. with autism.
Descriptive Video Service®A service for use of people with EcholaliaThe parroting repetition of words or phrases either
visual impairment that provides audio narrative of key visual immediately after they are heard or later; often observed in
elements; available for several public television programs and individuals with autistic spectrum disorders.
some videos of movies. Education for All Handicapped Children ActAlso
Developmental apraxiaA disorder of speech or language knownas Public Law 94-142, which became law in 1975
involving problems in motor planning such that the child has andisnow known as the Individuals with Disabilities
difficulty in producing speech sounds and organizing words Education Act (IDEA). Retitled in 1990 and reauthorized in
and word sounds for effective communication. The cause may 1997 and 2004.
be unknown. Electroencephalography (EEG)A method of measuring the
Developmentally appropriate practice (DAP)Educational electrical activity of the brain.
methods for young children that are compatible with their Emotional disturbanceThe term used in federal special
developmental levels and that meet their individual needs; education laws and regulations for problematic behavior that
coined by the National Association for the Education of Young interferes with education; the federal term used to indicate the
Children. problems of emotionally disturbed students.
4
GLOSSARY
Emotional or behavioral disordersThe terminology Family systems theoryStresses that the individual’s behavior
proposed by the National Mental Health and Special Education is best understood in the context of the family and the family’s
Coalition to replace the federal terminology “emotional behavior is best understood in the context of other social
disturbance.” systems.
EncephalitisAn inflammation of the brain; can affect the Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)A range of
child’s mental development adversely. disorders in children whose mothers consumed large quantities
EncopresisBowel incontinence; soiling oneself. of alcohol during pregnancy.
EnrichmentAn approach in which additional learning Fetal alcohol spectrum (FAS)Abnormalities associated with
experiences are provided for students with special gifts or the mother’s drinking alcohol during pregnancy; defects range
talents while the students remain in the grade levels from mild to severe, including growth retardation, brain
appropriate for their chronological ages. damage, intellectual disability, hyperactivity, anomalies of the
face, and heart failure; also called alcohol embryopathy.
EnuresisUrinary incontinence; wetting oneself.
FingerspellingSpelling the English alphabet by various finger
EpilepsyA pattern of repeated seizures.
positions on one hand.
EpisodicOccurring in episodes; a temporary condition that
Fragile X syndromeA condition in which the bottom of the
will pass but may recur.
X chromosome in the twenty-third pair of chromosomes is
Executive functionsThe ability to regulate one’s behavior
pinched off; can result in a number of physical anomalies as
through working memory, inner speech, control of emotions
well as intellectual disabilities; occurs more often in males than
and arousal levels, and analysis of problems and
females; thought to be the most common hereditary cause of
communication of problem solutions to others; delayed or
intellectual disabilities.
impaired in people with ADHD.
Free appropriate public education (FAPE)The primary
Expected growth normsUsed with CBM; the rate at which the
intent of federal special education law, that the education of all
average student is expected to learn given typical instruction.
children with disabilities will in all cases be free of cost to
Expressive languageEncoding or sending messages in parents (i.e., at public expense) and appropriate for the
communication. particular student.
External otitisAn infection of the skin of the external Frontal lobesTwo lobes located in the front of the brain;
auditory canal; also called swimmer’s ear. responsible for executive functions; site of abnormal
ExternalizingActing-out behavior; aggressive or disruptive development in people with ADHD.
behavior that is observable as behavior directed toward others. Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)Evaluation that
Extreme male brainA description sometimes applied to consists of finding out the consequences (what purpose the
persons with autism based on some researchers claims that high behavior serves), antecedents (what triggers the behavior), and
levels of androgen (a hormone that is responsible for controlling setting events (contextual factors) that maintain inappropriate
the development of male characteristics) in amniotic fluid are behaviors.
more likely to result in autistic traits in children. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)An
adaptation of the MRI used to detect changes in the brain
F
while it is in an active state; unlike a PET scan, it does not
Familiality studiesA method of determining the degree to involve using radioactive materials.
which a given condition is inherited; looks at the prevalance of Functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS)An
the condition in relatives of the person with the condition. adaptation of the MRI used to detect changes in the brain
Family activity settingsActivities that families routinely while it is in an active state; unlike a PET scan, it does not
engage in, such as mealtimes and seasonal celebrations; can be involve using radioactive materials.
focal points for the implementation of PBSs. Functional vision assessmentAn appraisal of an individual’s
Family-centered modelA consumer-driven model that use of vision in everyday situations.
encourages the family to make its own decisions with respect
G
to services while mobilizing resources and supports for the
family’s goals. GeniusA word sometimes used to indicate a particular
Family characteristicsA component of the Turnbulls’ family aptitude or capacity in any area; rare intellectual powers.
systems model; includes type and severity of the disability as GiftednessRefers to cognitive (intellectual) superiority,
well as such things as size, cultural background, and creativity, and motivation of sufficient magnitude to set the
socioeconomic background of the family. child apart from the vast majority of age peers and make it
Family functionsA component of the Turnbulls’ family possible for the child to contribute something of particular
systems model; includes such things as economic, daily care, value to society.
social, medical, and educational needs. GlaucomaA condition often, but not always, due to excessive
Family interactionA component of the Turnbulls’ family pressure in the eyeball; the cause is unknown; if untreated,
systems model; refers to how cohesive and adaptable the blindness results.
family is. Globus pallidusA structure in the basal ganglia of the brain;
Family life cycleA component of the Turnbulls’ family site of abnormal development in people with ADHD.
systems model; consists of birth and early childhood, Graphic organizersA way of enhancing content visual
childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. displays using lines, cirdes, and boxes to organize information.
5
