excavations between abu simbel and the sudan frontier

510 Pages·2009·39.56 MB·English

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THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
ORIENTAL INSTITUTE NUBIAN EXPEDITION
VOLUME VIII
EXCAVATIONS BETWEEN ABU SIMBEL
AND THE SUDAN FRONTIER
MEROITIC REMAINS FROM QUSTUL CEMETERY Q, BALLANA
CEMETERY B, AND A BALLANA SETTLEMENT
Thomas A. Holland * Editor
with the assistance of Richard M. Schoen
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CAMPAGNE INTERNATIONALE POUR LA SAUVEGARDE
DES MONUMENTS DE LA NUBIE
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
ORIENTAL INSTITUTE NUBIAN EXPEDITION
VOLUME VIII
EXCAVATIONS BETWEEN ABU SIMBEL AND THE SUDAN FRONTIER
KEITH C. SEELE, DIRECTOR
PART 8:
MEROITIC REMAINS FROM QUSTUL CEMETERY Q, BALLANA
CEMETERY B, AND A BALLANA SETTLEMENT
PART 1: TEXT AND FIGURES
by
BRUCE BEYER WILLIAMS
with a contribution by
NICHOLAS B. MILLET
THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
CHICAGO * ILLINOIS
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Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 91-60921
ISBN: 0-918986-71-0
The OrientalI nstitute
© 1991 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.
Published 1991. Printed in the United States of America.
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DEDICATION
to
Patricia A. Williams
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................. xi
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................. Xxiii
LIST OF TEXT AND REGISTER ABBREVIATIONS.....................................xxv
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................. xxvii
LIST OF BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS......................................xliii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................... xlv
PREFACE ................................................................... xlvii
1. MEROITIC REMAINS AT QUSTUL AND BALLANA.................. ................ 1
A. The Location of Meroitic Remains in the Concession..............................I
Cemetery Q ........................................................ ...................... I
Cemetery B ....................................................... ...................... 2
Other Finds ........................................................................... 2
B. The Construction of Cemeteries Q and B and the Chronology of Lower Nubia ............... 3
Archaeological Chronology in Meroitic Nubia ................................................... 3
The Distribution of Objects and Practices in Cemeteries Q and B ............................ 6
Archaeological Phases in Cemeteries Q and B................................................... 9
Structural Evidence for Chronology ............................................................... 15
Historical Correlations .............................................................................. 15
Stages in the Construction of Cemeteries Q and B .............................................. 20
C. Tombs and Burial Customs ........................................................................... 23
Phase I: The Simple Coffin Burial................................................................. 23
Changes in the Burial: Phases LB and II .......................................................... 25
Changes in the Burial: Phases III and IV ......................................................... 25
2. POTITERY...................................................................................................... 27
28
A. Manufacturing and the Classification of Meroitic Pottery.........................................
B. Meroitic Pottery with Painted and Stamped Decoration:
Kushite Wheelmade and Fine/Ordinary Pottery............................. 32
Pottery of Kushite Tradition.......................................... 32
Meroitic-Kushite Form Group II: Kushite Wheelmade Pottery ............................... 32
Meroitic-Kushite Form Group I: Meroitic Fine/Ordinary Pottery ............................ 34
C. Meroitic Painted Decoration........................................ 35
Design .......................................................................................... 35
Style..................................................................... 37
Motifs and Their Organization. ........................ .............. 40
vii
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MEROITIC REMAINS
viii FROM QUSTUL AND BALLANA
D. Meroitic Stamped Decoration ........................................................................ 59
E. Meroitic-Kushite Form Group III: Storage Jars ..................................................... 59
F. Meroitic-Kushite Form Group IV: Kushite Wheelmade Utility Vessels ........................ 60
G. Meroitic-Kushite Form Group V: Meroitic Handmade Ordinary Pottery....................... 61
H. Pottery Imported from Egypt.......................................................................... 62
I. Egyptian Form Group I: Egyptian Fine/Ordinary I................................................. 62
J. Painted Pottery from Egypt.............................................................. ... ,.........6 4
Phases.............................................................................................. 65
Style and the Vine Group........................................................................... 67
K. Egyptian Form Group II: Egyptian Pink Utility I.................................................... 67
L. Egyptian Form Group III, Chaff-Faced Utility Pottery: Egyptian Pink Utility IL .............. 68
M. Egyptian Form Group VI: Barbotine................................................................. 69
N. Brown Amphora Pottery............................................................................... 70
0.
Egyptian Form Group IV: Aswan (?) Amphora Pottery ........................................... 70
P. Egyptian Form Group V, White Pottery from Upper Egypt: Fine/Ordinary hIA and B........ 71
Fine/Ordinary hA ................................................................................. 71
Fine/Ordinary IIB.................................................................................. 71
Slip:
Q. Egyptian Form Group VII: African Red Terra Sigillata ..................................... 72
R. Pottery of Sudanese-Saharan Tradition.............................................................. 72
S. Conclusion: Meroitic Pottery in Lower Nubia....................................................... 74
Meroitic Painted Pottery ................................................... .......... s............ 74
The Vine Group ................................................................................... 794 3
Form and Variety in Meroitic Pottery ............................................. 74
3.
OJE CTS......................................................................................................
A. Funerary Objects ....................................................................................... 93
Funerary Objects
Stone and Cult .................................................................. 93
Objects
Funerary from the Burials................................................................. 96
B. Secular Objects......................................................................................... 100
100
Introduction ..........................................................................................
Leather.................................................. .......................................... 101
Wood ........................................................................................... 103
Metal ........................................................................................... 103
C. Military Equipment..........................d. 0
GC. raft 159
Implementsat....wis...*...*r....+s.............s......a......rs................................. 159
Cosmetic and Medical Instruments....."a...fa....tfsa.......s".f""................................
H.
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TABLE OFC ONTENTS ix
4. MEROITIC INSCRIPTIONS FROM QUSTUL AND BALLANA, by Nicholas BMillet..........163
5. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 171
APPENDIX A: A RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY OF MEROITIC REMAINS
BELOW THE FOURTH CATARACT........................................................... .... 175
APPENDIX B: A TABULAR CONCORDANCE OF POTITERY CLASSIFICATIONS FROM
CERAMIC (N.D.) ,
IND USTR IES OF MEDIEVtAL NUB IA , ADAMS AND OINE ................. 191
FIGURES............................................................................................................ 196
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