Examining the psychosocial determinants of exercise during pregnancy using the framework of the theory of planned behavior : a prospective investigation

179 Pages·2002·4.7 MB·English

by  Downs, Danielle Symons

EXAMININGTHEPSYCHOSOCIALDETERMINANTSOFEXERCISEDURING
PREGNANCYUSINGTHEFRAMEWORKOFTHETHEORYOFPLANNED
BEHAVIOR:APROSPECTIVEINVESTIGATION
DANIELLESYMONSDOWNS
ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEDEPARTMENTOFEXERCISE
ANDSPORTSCIENCESOFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIAL
FULFILLMENTOFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF
DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHYINHEALTHANDHUMANPERFORMANCE
UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA
2002
Copyright©2002
by
DanielleSymonsDowns
ThisdissertationisdedicatHeedtisommyyibnessptirfartiieonnd.andhusband,JonDowns.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Iwouldliketotakethisopportunitytoextendmydeepestgratitudeand
appreciationtothemanypeoplewhohavehelpedmethroughoutthisentiredissertation
process.First,Iwouldliketothankmyadvisor,Dr.HeatherHausenblas,forher
intelligence,guidance,support,andtremendouspatience.Thisdissertationwouldnot
havebeenpossiblewithoutherUFOpportunityFundgrant,andhercountlesshoursof
planning,preparation,andthrashing(oops,Imeanediting!)©Heatherhasbeennotonly
myadvisorandmentor,butmygreatestrolemodel.Iamgratefulforhermanypeptalks,
forpushingmetoworktomypotential,andforhelpingmebecomewho1amtoday.
Mostofall,IthankHeatherforherfriendship.Iamforevergratefulforher!Second,I
wouldliketothankmyothercommitteemembers:Dr.RobertSinger,Dr.James
Shepperd,andDr.PeterGiacobbi.Dr.Singerwillalwaysbethefirstpersonwhogave
methechancetoprovemyself.Ithankhimforhiscontinuedsupport,guidance,and
direction.Mostofall,Ithankhimforhistrustandforbelievinginme.IthankDr.
Shepperdforsharinghisknowledge,foransweringmanyofmyquestions,andfor
challengingmetoseemyself,andmyresearch,fromanotherperspective.IthankDr.
Giacobbi,forhistimeandhisinsightfulconversationsregardingmyresearchphilosophy.
Third,Iwouldliketoextendaspecialthankstothoseindividualswhoassistedme
withrecruitingmyparticipantsandcollectingdata.WithoutDr.Andreoli'ssupport,this
dissertationwouldnothavebeenpossible.Heisaninspirationinsomanyways,notto
nottomentionandoutstandingphysicianandfather.IthankDr.ConnorandKatherine
Hutchisonforallowingmetocollectdatafromtheiroffice.IamgratefulforKatherine's
dedicationtomyprojectandforourmanytalks.IwouldalsoliketothankNini
DeBraganzaandShivaniShawfortheircommitment,andtheirmanyhoursofassistance
withthisproject.Icouldnothavefinishedthisdissertationwithoutallofthem!
Fourth,Iwouldliketothankthemanypeopleinmylifewhohavebelievedin
me:especiallyHeatherPolen,theSchwartz's,theAndreoli's,andtheStafford's.Ithank
themforalwaysbeingthere,evenwhenIdidn'thavemuchtoofferback.IthankBecky
EllisGardnerforhersupport,andDerekdelaPena,AmyHagan,AaronDuley,Jim
Curby,LoriGibbs,andGaryNaveforkeepingmesane...theyarethebest!
Finally,Iwouldliketothankmyfamilyfortheirunconditionalloveandsupport.
Mydeepestgratitudeisextendedtomyparents,SandraandRobertSymons,andSusan
andJohnDowns.Theirencouragement,faith,andlovewillalwaysmakemestrivetobe
mybest.Ithankmysistersandbrothersforputtingupwithme!IthanktheRepka'sand
theReid'sfortheirencouragement,tripstotheairport,andformakingtheirhomesours.I
thankmyPapforchallengingandbelievinginme.Hemakesmeproud!Finally,itis
withoutquestionthatmyhusband,Jon,isthereasonforthisdissertation.IthankGod
everydayforhim.Withouthismotivation,inspiration,faith,love,andhumor,thisproject
wouldnothavebeenpossible.Ithankhimforhispatience,puttingupwithmy
"meltdowns,"andforunderstandingwhyIneededtospendmanyendlessnightsgluedto
thecomputer"untilitwasperfect."Heismybestfriend(my"buddy"),andmygreatest
inspiration.Lastly,Iamgratefulthathewasabletokeephimselfbusyonthegolfcourse
whileIwrotethisdissertation.Itwasatoughjob,buttogether,wecanhandleanything!
TABLEOFCONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 'v
ABSTRACT »
CHAPTER
1INTRODUCTION 1
TheoryofPlannedBehaviorConstructs 3
ScaleCorrespondence 8
ElicitationStudies 10
EmpiricalSupportfortheTPBandExerciseBehavior 12
ImportanceofExaminingExerciseandPregnancy 15
DissertationStudies 16
2SSTTUUDDIYES1::TAHSEYTSHTEEMOARTYIOCFRPELVAINENWEODFBEEXHEARVCIISOERBAENLDIEEFLSICITATION 19
Method 25
SelectionandInclusionofStudies 25
ReviewProcedures 25
DataAnalysis 26
Results 35
ElicitationStudyCharacteristics 35
MainTheoryofPlannedBehaviorStudyCharacteristics 35
ElicitationStudyMethodCharacteristics 38
ElicitationStudyBeliefCharacteristics 38
Discussion 44
PreludetoChapter3 51
3SDTUURDIYNG2:PTRHEEGTNHAENOCRYYAONFDPPLOASNTNPEADRTBUEMH:AAVINOERLIACNIDTAETXIEORNCISSTIUNDGY 52
Method 61
Participants 61
Measures 61
Procedure 64
DataAnalysis 65
Results 66
Discussion 76
PreludetoChapter4 82
4SATNUDDBYE3H:AEVXIAOMRINFIRNOGMPTRHEEGINRASNETCOWNODMETNO'TSHEEXIERRTCHIISREDITNRTIEMNETSITOENR:
APROSPECTIVEEXAMINATIONOFTHETHEORYOFPLANNED
BEHAVIOR 83
Method 89
Participants 89
Measures 89
Procedure 96
DataAnalysis 98
Results 99
Discussion 102
4GENERALDISCUSSION 110
SummaryoftheDissertationStudies 110
Study1 110
Study2 112
Study3 114
RecommendationsforFutureResearch 116
ModeratorVariables 116
ConceptualandMeasurementIssues 117
PracticalImplicationsofThisDissertation 122
Conclusion 123
APPENDIX
ATHEORYOFPLANNEDBEHAVIORANDEXERCISESTUDIES
WITHSPECIALPOPULATIONS 125
BPERSONALHISTORYQUESTIONNAIRE 130
CLEISURE-TIMEEXERCISEQUESTIONNAIRE 131
DELICITATIONBELIEFSQUESTIONNAIRE 132
EIRBAPPROVALFORSTUDY2 135
FCONSENTFORM 136
GPERSONALHISTORYQUESTIONNAIRE 137
HBEHAVIORALBELIEFITEMS 138
I NORMATIVEBELIEFITEMS 139
J CONTROLBELIEFITEMS 140
KATTITUDEITEMS 141
L SUBJECTIVENORMITEM 142
MPERCEIVEDBEHAVIORALCONTROLITEMS 143
NINTENTIONITEM 144
OEXERCISEBEHAVIORITEM 145
P IRBAPPROVALFORSTUDY3 146
QSTUDY3EXPLANATION 147
RCONSENTFORM 148
SSECONDTRIMESTERCOVERLETTER 149
TPOSTCARDREMINDER 150
UTHIRDTRIMESTERCOVERLETTER 151
REFERENCES 152
BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 165
viii
111
LISTOFTABLES
Table page
2. ElicitationandMainTheoryofPlannedBehaviorStudySample
CharacteristicsandtheNumberandTypesofElicitationBeliefs 27
2.2 TheNumber(N)andPercent(%)ofMainTheoryofPlannedBehavior
andElicitationStudyCharacteristics 36
2.3 TheNumber(N)andPercent(%)ofElicitationStudyBehavioral,
Normative,andControlBeliefs 39
3. TPahretiNcuipmabntesr(N)andPercent(%)ofDemographicCharacteristicsforthe 62
3.2 Type,Number(N),andPercent(%)ofBeliefsReportedDuringPregnancy....67
3.3 Type,Number(N),andPercent(%)ofBeliefsReportedDuringPostpartum...70
4. TheNumber(N)andPercent(%)DemographicCharacteristicsforthe
Participants 90
4.2 CorrespondingDemographicCharacteristicsfortheElicitationStudy
ParticipantsandtheMainTheoryofPlannedBehaviorStudyParticipants 92
4.3 HierarchicalRegressionAnalysesfortheTheoryofPlannedBehavior
Constructs 100
4.4 Correlations,Means(M),andStandardDeviations(SD)Amongthe
TheoryofPlannedBehaviorConstructs 101
4.5 Number(N),Means(M),StandardDeviations(SD),t-testMean
Comparisons,andEtaSquared(r|)ValuesfortheLeisure-TimeExercise
Questionnaire(LTEQ)andBodyMassIndex(BM1) 102
LISTOFFIGURES
Figure
1.1 Schematicrepresentationofthetheoryofplannedbehavior 4
3.1 MeanLeisure-TimeExerciseQuestionnaire(LTEQ)totalscoresforprior
topregnancy,duringpregnancy,andduringpostpartum 72
3.2 Meanbodymassindex(BMI)priortopregnancyandduringpostpartum 72
3.3 Mostsalientbehavioraladvantagesofexercisingduringpregnancy 74
3.4 Mostsalientbehavioraladvantagesofexercisingduringpostpartum 74
3.5 Mostsalientnormativebeliefsofexercisingduringpregnancy 75
3.6 Mostsalientnormativebeliefsofexercisingduringpostpartum 75
3.7 Mostsalientobstructingcontrolbeliefsofexercisingduringpregnancy 77
3.8 Mostsalientobstructingcontrolbeliefsofexercisingduringpostpartum 77
5.1 Hierarchicalconceptualizationofperceivedbehavioralcontrol 120