Evolutionary Biogeography of the Marine Algae of the North Atlantic

432 Pages·1990·30.83 MB·English

by  Ian R. Ball (auth.)

Evolutionary Biogeography
of the Marine
Algae of the North Atlantic
NATO ASI Series
Advanced Science Institutes Series
A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science
Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and
technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific
communities.
The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with
the NATO Scientific Affairs Division
A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
B Physics London and New York
C Mathematical and Kluwer Academic Publishers
Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London
D Behavioural and
Social Sciences
E Applied Sciences
F Computer and Springer-Verlag
Systems Sciences Berlin Heidelberg New York
G Ecological Sciences London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong
H Cell Biology Barcelona
Series G: Ecological Sciences Vol. 22
Evolutionary Biogeography
of the Marine Algae
of the North Atlantic
Edited by
David J. Garbary
Department of Biology
St. Francis Xavier University
Antigonish, Nova Scotia
Canada B2G 1C O
G. Robin South
Huntsman Marine Science Centre
St. Andrews, New Brunswick
Canada EOG 2XO
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Evolutionary
Biogeography of the Marine Algae of the North Atlantic held in St. Andrews, N.B.,
Canada, September 18-22, 1989
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Evolutionary Biography of Marine Algae of the North Atlantic (1989 :
Sl. Andrews, N. B.) Evolutionary biogeography of the marine algae of the North Atlantic 1 edited by David J.
Garbary, G. Robin South. p. cm.-(NATO ASI series. Series G, Ecological sciences; vol. 22) "Proceedings of
the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Evolutionary Biogeography of the Marine Algae of the North
Atlantic. held in SI. Andrews, N. B., Canada, September 18-22, 1989"-T.p. verso. "Published in cooperation
with NATO Scientific Affairs Division."
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-75117-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-75115-8
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-75115-8
1. Marine algae-North Atlantic Ocean-Geographical distribution-Congresses. 2. Marine algae-North
Atlantic Ocean-Evolution-Congresses.1. Garbary, David J. II. South, G. Robin. III. North Atlantic Treaty
v.
Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. IV. Title. Series: NATO ASI series. Series G, Ecological sciences;
no. 22. QK572.5.N67N381990 589.392'11-dc20 90-43825
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1990
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990
2131/3140-543210-Printed on acid-free-paper
PREFACE
Evolutionary biogeography of the marine algae of the North Atlantic was the primary
theme of the Fourth Seaweed Biogeography Worksho.p. This five day symposium was held in
St. Andrews, New Brunswick, in September 1989, and was organized under the auspices of
the International Working Group on Seaweed Biogeography. Previous workshops in this
series were held at Hamburg (1982), Groningen (1984) and Helgoland (1986), and were
published in Helg.oliinder Meeresunters (38: 225-417 and 41: 233-383).
The Organizing Committee for the conference comprised the two of us, and C. van den
Hoek, who formulated the scientific program, and identified the primary participants.
The primary financial support for the meeting was provided by a grant from NATO (ARW
931/88), under their Advanced Research Workshop program.
Primm
The Theme
This meeting was based on the notion that the current status of algal biogeography, and
its advance, could be best addressed by a multidisciplinary approach to a single theme: THE
EVOLUTIONARY BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE MARINE ALGAE OF THE NORTH
ATLANTIC. Participants were asked to focus their presentations on this theme, or to provide
philosophical and/or methodological discussions of biogeography.
In addition to strictly algal biogeographers, people in related fields of geology, theoretical
biogeography and marine ecology were invited, so that their theoretical and philosophical
concerns, as well as their methods, could be better evaluated by th~ more traditional
'phycologists', many of whom undertake biogeography as a supplement to their primary
systematic, physiological, or ecological interests. Biogeography, is by its nature,
interdisciplinary, and the St Andrews meeting was a reflection of this.
VI
The St. Andrews Symposium: A NATO Advanced Research Workshop
The meeting was attended by about 30 scientists from eight countries, and included a
series of 20 formal paper presentations, of which 17 are included in this volume. The
presentations not in this volume are:
1) M. Ragan, C.J. Bird and E.L. Rice "Nuclear small-subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid
sequences and molecular relationships within the Gracilariales";
2) S. Srivastava "Evolution of the North Atlantic -Jurassic to present"; and
3) J. Cabioch "Adaptive strategies and distribution of Corallinales".
Two presentations of computer sofware for biogeography and phylogenetic analysis were also
made (p. Legendre, D. Garbary). At the conclusion of the meeting, a panel discussion was
used as a venue for discussing theoretical issues, progress that had been made in
understanding the overall problem that was the theme of the meeting, and how algal
biogeographers might redirect their approach so that biogeographic hypotheses might be more
rigorously evaluated.
Throughout the meeting, informal discussions were held in Anderson House, before,
during and after meals, and long into the evenings. These discussions were suitably lubricated
from the fridge in the basement of Anderson House. The overall tone of the five day meeting
was, at the same time, both intense and informal, and highly productive. This volume
identifies the formal contributions of the symposium; however, it cannot capture the excitement
and general atmosphere of the symposium.
Organization of Entries
The papers in this volume have been put into a particular order to reflect some of the
dominant themes of the conference, as well as seaweed biogeography in general. None of the
sections outlined below are mutually exclusive, and some papers might easily fit into other
sections.
The first section treats conceptual and methodological issues and includes two papers.
The opening paper by I. Ball is a discussion of some of the conceptual/philosophical issues in
contemporary biogeographic theory, and his paper provides a brief introduction to this
literature for a phycological audience. This is followed by a complementary paper by P.
Legendre describing quantitative methods in biogeography, providing a list of the appropriate
computer programs for implementing these methods.
VII
The next section includes two papers, by D. Schnitker & J. Jorgensen and C. van den
Hoek & A. M. Breeman, who examine the effects of Pleistocene glaciation on algal
distributions and the changes that occurred after retreat of the ice. This is examined on a local
scale (phytoplankton in the Bay of Fundy), and on a wider scale (seaweeds in the North
Atlantic). The next section treats concepts of dispersal and adaptation in an ecological and
evolutionary context; in the first instance dealing with barnacle evolution in eastern Canada (E.
Bourget et at.), and the second dealing with evolution of herbivory on coralline algae in the
North Atlantic and North Pacific (R. Steneck). Processes of speciation were a major theme of
the meeting and the next three papers by P.V.M. Bot & C. van den Hoek, B. Egan et at., and
B. Stache provide insight into seaweed speciation and genetics. They use a
variety of different approaches, including hybridization studies, morphometric analysis and
DNA/DNA hybridization. Two papers dealing with evolution of Laminariales were presented,
by K. Liining & I. tom Dieck and L. Druehl, which applied morphological and physiological
features, as well as molecular biology to the problem of kelp phylogeny. These papers
illustrate, on the one hand, the extent to which phylogenetic relationships can be hypothesized
using more traditional features; and on the other, the exciting potential for resolving
phylogenetic problems using molecular techniques.
The relationship between systematics and biogeography in Rhodophyta is discussed in
three papers by A. Athanasiadis, C. Maggs, and M.D. Guiry & D. Garbary studying a
diversity of red algal taxa. These papers emphasize the importance of taxonomy in dealing
with historical biogeography.
The division of the North Atlantic into biogeographic regions is an ongoing theme in
seaweed biogegraphy; this is treated by Tittley et at. using a variety of quantitative methods,
including an innovative use of cladistic analysis.
The final section of these proceedings includes two highly synthetic papers discussing the
evolutionary biogeography the of entire seaweed flora of the Arctic (Wilce) and the red algae of
the North Atlantic (M. Hommersand). Both of these papers emphasize the importance of earth
history and systematics in developing an understanding of evolutionary biogeography of
marine algae.
Preparation of articles for publication
Authors were asked to provide copies of manuscripts and computer disk versions of the
papers at the St.Andrewsmeeting. Manuscripts were reviewed, generally by two referees, at
least one of whom was not a participant at the meeting. The editors are especially grateful to
the reviewers who read and critically evaluated the various manuscripts. The individuals who
did not participate in the conference, but who provided reviews included: M. Alvarez, M.
VIII
Blouw, M. Cormaci, P.W. Gabrielson, R.G. Hooper, S. Lindstrom, J.L. Olsen, C.
Plowright, G. Russell, E. Theriot, and A. Whittick.
After review and revisions, manuscripts were copy edited, checked for style, and were
then formatted using Microsoft Word (version 4) (Copyright Microsoft Corp.), implemented
on a Macintosh SE30 computer. Manuscripts were set in Times, and camera-ready copy was
produced using an Apple laser printer.
Dedication to "Bud" Brinkhuis and "Barty" Egan
After this conference was organized, and during the preparation of this volume, two of the
contributing authors, P.F. "Barry" Egan and B. "Bud" Brinkhuis, passed away. It is with
considerll:ble sadness that we mark the deaths of these friends and fellow phycologists. The
deaths, of an established colleague, an~ a young scientist of considerable promise, make this a
particular tragedy. This volume is dedicated, in part, to these two phycologists.
Acknowledgments
This volume, and the symposium on which it is based, would not have come to fruition
without the help and dedication of a wide variety of people and organizations. First, we thank
the Staff (especially Irene Pohle)and Directors of the Huntsman Marine Science Centre, and the
Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Biological Station, St. Andrews for the high standard of
general organization of the meeting, and of the facilities that were made available. All of the
participants were housed in Anderson House, whose Staff are complimented for the quality of
meals, and the fine surroundings in which many of the discussions were held. Barbara South
is to be congratulated for the excellent banquet that she hosted.
We are most grateful to the external and internal reviewers who evaluated the manuscripts.
Mr. J. Hendra and Mr. A. M. Garbary provided major assistance in editing and preparation of
the camera-ready copy. We would also like to thank the authors for their patience and
c9Qperation during the production of these proceedings.
Finally we would like to thank NATO who provided the primary financial assistance
towards travel and accomodation for the symposium contributors, and the Natural Sciences and
Engineering Research Council of Canada who provided additional funds, through a
Conference Grant, for support of particular individuals.
David J. Garbary
G. Robin South
May, 1990
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part 1. Philosgphical and Methodological Concerns
The framing of biogeographic hypotheses
1. Ball. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
Quantitative methods and biogeographic analysis
Pierre Legendre. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Part. 2. The Pleistocene and its Aftennath
Late glacial and Holocene diatom successions in the Gulf of Maine: response to climatologic
and oceanographic change
D. Schnitker and J. B. Jorgensen. .......................... 35
Seaweed biogeography of the North Atlantic: where are we now?
C. van den Hoek and A. M. Breeman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Part 3. Evolutionary Ecology and Adaptation
Behavioural, morphological and genetic changes in some North Atlantic populations of the
barnacle Semibalanus balanoides
E. Bourget, N. Martel, L. Lapointe, and D. Bussieres. ................ 87
Herbivory and evolution of nongeniculate coralline algae (Rhodophyta,Corallinales) in the
North Atlantic and North Pacific
R. S. Steneck ....................................1 07
Part 4. Approaches to Speciation
The application of DNA-DNA hybri~zation in seaweeds and DNA divergence between some
amphi-Atlantic Cladophora (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta) species
P.V.M. Bot and C. van den Hoek. . . . .......................1 31
Genetics of morphology and growth in Laminaria from the North Atlantic Ocean -implications
for biogeography
B. Egan, Z. Garcia-Ezquivel, B. H. Brinkhuis and C. Yarish ..............1 47
Sexual compatability and species concept in Ectocarpus siliculosus (Ectocarpales,
Phaeophyceae) from Italy, North Carolina, Chile, and New Zealand
B. Stache ......................................1 73
x
Part 5. Kelp Evolution
The distribution and evolution of the Laminariales: North Pacific -Atlantic relationships
Klaus LUning and Inka tom Dieck. ..........................1 87
Molecular evolution in the Laminariales: a review
L. D. Druehl .................................... 205
Part 6. Taxonomy and Biogeography
Evolutionary biogeography of the North Atlantic Antitharnnioid algae
A. Athanasiadis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Distribution and evolution of non-coralline crustose red algae in the North Atlantic
Christine A. Maggs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
A preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the Phyllophoraceae, Gigartinaceae and Petrocelidaceae
(Rhodophyta) in the North Atlantic and North Pacific
M. D. Guiry and D. J. Garbary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Part 7. Biogeographic Provinces
Algal provinces in the North Atlantic -do they exist?
I. Tittley, G.L.J. Paterson, P.J.D. Lambshead and G. R. South. . . . . . ..... 291
Part 8. Evolution of Floras in the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans
Role of the Arctic Ocean as a bridge between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans: fact and
hypothesis
R. T. Wilce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Biogeography of the marine red algae of the North Atlantic Ocean
M. H. Hommersand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349
Taxonomic Index • • • 411
Subject Index • . 423