Table Of Content<ATSKSWVIUIDUEOZTIBYDOTEFLJWFHTECESHHCOOIEN"ETTRREFI"DvG1O"i""5SdPH4"0er"T"na>"g"tim"a2las2t0ica"snd&RBeleeyvoanndce,"NewSeries,Volume86"
EvidentialsandRelevance
Pragmatics & Beyond New Series
Editor
AndreasH.Jucker
JustusLiebigUniversityGiessen,EnglishDepartment
Otto-Behaghel-Strasse10,D-35394Giessen,Germany
e-mail:[email protected]
AssociateEditors
JacobL.Mey
UniversityofSouthernDenmark
HermanParret
BelgianNationalScienceFoundation,UniversitiesofLouvainandAntwerp
JefVerschueren
BelgianNationalScienceFoundation,UniversityofAntwerp
EditorialBoard
ShoshanaBlum-Kulka SachikoIde
HebrewUniversityofJerusalem JapanWomen’sUniversity
ChrisButler CatherineKerbrat-Orecchioni
UniversityCollegeofRiponandYork UniversityofLyon2
JeanCaron ClaudiadeLemos
UniversitédePoitiers UniversityofCampinas,Brazil
RobynCarston MarinaSbisà
UniversityCollegeLondon UniversityofTrieste
BruceFraser EmanuelSchegloff
BostonUniversity UniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles
ThorsteinFretheim DeborahSchiffrin
UniversityofTrondheim GeorgetownUniversity
JohnHeritage PaulO.Takahara
UniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles KobeCityUniversityofForeignStudies
SusanHerring SandraThompson
UniversityofTexasatArlington UniversityofCaliforniaatSantaBarbara
MasakoK.Hiraga TeunA.VanDijk
St.Paul’s(Rikkyo)University UniversityofAmsterdam
DavidHoldcroft RichardJ.Watts
UniversityofLeeds UniversityofBerne
Volume86
EvidentialsandRelevance
byEllyIfantidou
Evidentials and Relevance
Elly Ifantidou
UniversityofAthens
JohnBenjaminsPublishingCompany
Amsterdam(cid:1)/(cid:1)Philadelphia
TM ThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsofAmerican
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NationalStandardforInformationSciences–PermanenceofPaperforPrinted
LibraryMaterials,ansiz39.48-1984.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Ifantidou,Elly.
EvidentialsandRelevance / EllyIfantidou.
p. cm.(Pragmatics&Beyond,NewSeries,issn0922-842X;v.86)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
1.Semantics.2.Evidentials(Linguitics).3.Pragmatics.4.Speechacts(Linguistics).
5.Grammar,Comparativeandgeneral.6.Relevance.I.Title.II.Pragmatics&beyond
;newser.86.
P325.5.E69 I35 2001
401.43--dc21 2001035507
isbn902725105(cid:3)3(Eur.)/158811032(cid:3)X(US)(Hb;alk.paper)
©2001–JohnBenjaminsB.V.
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Formychildren,
Σοφ(cid:4)αandK(cid:4)µων
<ATSKSWVIUITUEOZTIBYADTEFLJWRFHTEESGHHCOOEE"ETTRRTTI"DaG1"b""5SPH"4"l0ter"oT"a>"cg"o"m"f2Da2ct0Ooic"nsCteI&NntFsBO"eyond,NewSeries,Volume86"
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements xi
Chapter1
Introduction.Evidentials:theirnatureandfunctions 1
1.1 Definingevidentials(cid:4)1
1.2 Thefunctionsofevidentials(cid:4)5
1.3 Linguisticpropertiesofevidentials(cid:4)8
1.3.1 Decodingversusinference(cid:4)8
1.3.2 Syntaxversusmorphology(cid:4)9
1.3.2.1(cid:4)Morphologicalcriteria(cid:4)10
1.3.2.2(cid:4)Syntacticcriteria(cid:4)12
1.3.3 Semanticcriteria(cid:4)13
1.4 Theissues(cid:4)15
1.4.1 Pragmaticinferenceandevidentials(cid:4)15
1.4.2 Truth-conditionalversusnon-truth-conditionalsemantics(cid:4)15
1.4.3 Explicitversusimplicitcommunication(cid:4)15
Chapter2
Speech-acttheory 17
2.1 Speechacts,languageandcommunication(cid:4)17
2.1.1 Speech-acttheory(cid:4)17
2.1.2 Speech-actpragmatics(cid:4)20
2.1.3 Speech-actsemantics(cid:4)21
2.2 Speechactsandpragmaticinference(cid:4)23
2.3 Speechactsandnon-truth-conditionalsemantics(cid:4)28
2.4 Speechactsandexplicitvs.implicitcommunication(cid:4)31
viii Tableofcontents
Chapter3
Griceandcommunication 37
3.1 Introduction(cid:4)37
3.1.1 Griceoncommunication(cid:4)37
3.1.2 TheCPandmaxims(cid:4)39
3.2 Pragmaticinferenceandevidentials(cid:4)43
3.3 Griceandnon-truth-conditionalsemantics(cid:4)49
3.4 Griceandtheexplicit/implicitdistinction(cid:4)53
Chapter4
Relevancetheory 59
4.1 Introduction(cid:4)59
4.1.1 Relevanceandcommunication(cid:4)59
4.1.2 Theprinciplesofrelevance(cid:4)62
4.2 Pragmaticinferenceandevidentials(cid:4)67
4.2.1 ProblemswiththemaximsofQuality(cid:4)67
4.2.2 DispensingwiththemaximsofQuality(cid:4)71
4.2.3 Inferringdegreesofspeakercommitment(cid:4)74
4.3 Relevanceandtheexplicit/implicitdistinction(cid:4)78
4.4 Relevanceandnon-truth-conditionalmeaning(cid:4)83
4.4.1 Conceptualmeaning(cid:4)85
4.4.2 Proceduralmeaning(cid:4)87
4.5 Relevanceandthedescriptive/interpretivedistinction(cid:4)90
4.5.1 Interpretiveresemblance(cid:4)90
4.5.2 Attributiveinterpretiveuse(cid:4)92
4.6 Conclusiontochapter4(cid:4)95
Chapter5
Sentenceadverbials 97
5.1 Introduction(cid:4)97
5.2 Typesofsentenceadverbial(cid:4)97
5.3 Speech-actaccountsofsentenceadverbials(cid:4)99
5.4 Testingfortruth-conditionality(cid:4)102
5.5 Relevancetheoryandsentenceadverbials:
possibilitiesfordescription(cid:4)112
5.5.1 Conceptualversusprocedural(cid:4)112
5.5.2 Explicaturesversusimplicatures(cid:4)115
5.6 Relevancetheoryandsentenceadverbials:
possibilitiesforexplanation(cid:4)117
Tableofcontents ix
Chapter6
Parentheticals 119
6.1 Introduction(cid:4)119
6.2 Speech-actaccountsofparentheticals(cid:4)120
6.3 Testingfortruth-conditionality(cid:4)125
6.4 Relevancetheoryandparentheticals:Possibilitiesfordescription(cid:4)129
6.5 Relevancetheoryandparentheticals:Possibilitiesforexplanation(cid:4)132
6.5.1 Parentheticalsandthedouble-speech-actanalysis(cid:4)132
6.5.2 Scopepossibilities(cid:4)138
6.5.3 Parentheticalsandtruth-conditions(cid:4)146
6.5.4 Pragmaticinterpretationofgenuineparentheticals(cid:4)155
Chapter7
Evidentialparticles 161
7.1 Introduction(cid:4)161
7.2 ‘Hearsay’markersasmarkersofinterpretiveuse(cid:4)162
7.2.1 R7´andinterpretiveuse(cid:4)163
7.3 Tahaandproceduralencoding(cid:4)170
7.3.1 Aspeech-actaccountoftaha(cid:4)172
7.3.2 Truth-conditionalornon-truth-conditional?(cid:4)176
7.3.3 Explicitorimplicit?(cid:4)180
7.3.4 Conceptualorprocedural?(cid:4)187
7.4 Somegenuinehearsaymarkers?(cid:4)193
Chapter8
Conclusions 195
8.1 Evidentialsandpragmaticinference(cid:4)195
8.2 Evidentialsandtheexplicit/implicitdistinction(cid:4)197
8.3 Evidentialsandtruth-conditional/non-truth-conditional
semantics(cid:4)198
Notes 203
Bibliography 207
NameIndex 217
SubjectIndex 221
Description:This book uses Sperber and Wilson’s Relevance Theory to show how evidential expressions can be analysed in a unified semantic/pragmatic framework. The first part surveys general linguistic work on evidentials, presents speech-act theory and examines Grice’s theory of meaning and communication wi
