Evidence-Based Practice of Anesthesiology, Second Edition: Expert Consult - Online and Print

534 Pages·2009·4.9 MB·English

by  Lee A. Fleisher MD

Evidence-Based Practice
of Anesthesiology

Evidence-Based Practice
of Anesthesiology
Second Edition
Lee A. Fleisher, MD
Robert Dunning Dripps Professor and Chair
Department of Anesthesiology
Professor of Medicine
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1600JohnF.KennedyBlvd.
Ste1800
Philadelphia,PA19103-2899
EVIDENCE-BASEDPRACTICEOFANESTHESIOLOGY,2NDEDITION ISBN:978-1-4160-5996-7
Copyright#2009,2004bySaunders,animprintofElsevierInc.
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Notice
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchand
experiencebroadenourknowledge,changesinpractice,treatmentanddrugtherapymaybecome
necessaryorappropriate.Readersareadvisedtocheckthemostcurrentinformationprovided
(i)onproceduresfeaturedor(ii)bythemanufacturerofeachproducttobeadministered,toverify
therecommendeddoseorformula,themethodanddurationofadministration,and
contraindications.Itistheresponsibilityofthepractitioner,relyingontheirownexperienceand
knowledgeofthepatient,tomakediagnoses,todeterminedosagesandthebesttreatmentfor
eachindividualpatient,andtotakeallappropriatesafetyprecautions.Tothefullestextentofthe
law,neitherthePublishernortheEditorassumesanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamageto
personsorpropertyarisingoutoforrelatedtoanyuseofthematerialcontainedinthisbook.
ThePublisher
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Evidence-basedpracticeofanesthesiology/[editedby]LeeA.Fleisher.
--2nded.
p.;cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferences.
ISBN978-1-4160-5996-7
1. Anesthesiology.2. Evidence-basedmedicine.I.Fleisher,LeeA.
[DNLM:1. Anesthesia.2. Evidence-BasedMedicine.WO200E9282009]
RD81.E862009
617.9’6--de22
2008043224
AcquisitionsEditor:NatashaAndjelkovic
DevelopmentalEditor:IsabelTrudeau
ProjectManager:BryanHayward
DesignDirection:KarenO’KeefeOwens
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
Lastdigitistheprintnumber: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Dedication
This book is dedicated to my children, Matthew and UniversityofPennsylvaniaDepartmentofAnesthesiology
Jessica, for their unconditional love and support, as well andCriticalCare,whoalsoconstantlyseekjustificationin
as their constant desire to understand the justification of theformofevidenceforthefaculty’sandmydecisionson
theirparents’decisions(askingfortheevidence).Inaddi- how best to care for our patients.
tion, the book is dedicated to the residents of the
v

Contributors
Sherif Afifi, MD, FCCM, FCCP Daniel Bainbridge, MD, FRCPC
Associate Professor of Anesthesiology & Surgery Assistant Professor and TEE Director
Chief, Division of Critical Care Division of Cardiac Anaesthesia
Director of Critical Care Fellowship Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine
Feinberg School of Medicine London Health Sciences Centre
Northwestern University University of Western Ontario
Chicago, Illinois London, Ontario, Canada
Jane C. Ballantyne, MD, FRCA
Seth Akst, MD, MBA
Associate Professor of Anesthesiology
Assistant Professor
Chief, Division of Pain Medicine
DepartmentofAnesthesiologyandCriticalCareMedicine
Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care
George Washington University Medical Center
Washington, DC Massachusetts General Hospital
Harvard University
Boston, Massachusetts
James F. Arens, MD
Chair, Committee of Practice Parameters Sheila R. Barnett, MD
American Society of Anesthesiology
Associate Professor of Anesthesiology
Park Ridge, Illinois
Harvard Medical School
Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care
Valerie A. Arkoosh, MD BethIsraelDeaconessHospitalMedicalCenter
Professor of Clinical Anesthesiology Boston,Massachusetts
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Joshua A. Beckman, MD, MS
Director, Cardiovascular Medicine Fellowship
Barbara Armas, MD Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
New Brunswick, New Jersey
Yaakov Beilin, MD
Michael A. Ashburn, MD, MPH
Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, and Obstetrics,
Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care
Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences
Medicine
Vice-Chair for Quality
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Co-Director of Obstetric Anesthesia
Director of Pain Medicine and Palliative Care
Department of Anesthesiology
Penn Pain Medicine Center
The Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Tuttleman Center at Penn Medicine at Rittenhouse New York, New York
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Elliott Bennett-Guerrero, MD
John G.T. Augoustides, MD, FASE
Associate Professor
Assistant Professor Department of Anesthesiology
Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Duke University Medical Center
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Durham, North Carolina
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Sanjay M. Bhananker, MBBS, MD,
Michael Aziz, MD DA, FRCA
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Anesthesiology and Peri-Operative Department of Anesthesiology
Medicine University of Washington School of Medicine
Oregon Health and Science University Harborview Medical Center
Portland, Oregon Seattle, Washington
vii
viii Contributors
T. Andrew Bowdle, MD, PhD Grace L. Chien, MD
Professor of Anesthesiology and Pharmaceutics Associate Professor
Chief of the Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Department of Anesthesiology
Department of Anesthesiology Oregon Health and Sciences University
University of Washington Chief of Anesthesiology Service
Seattle, Washington Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Portland, Oregon
Lynn M. Broadman, MD
Vinod Chinnappa, MBBS, MD, FCARCSI
Clinical Professor of Anesthesiology
University of Pittsburgh Medical School Clinical Fellow
Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh Department of Anesthesia
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania University of Toronto
Toronto Western Hospital
Daniel R. Brown, MD, PhD University Health Network
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology
Department of Anesthesiology
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Frances Chung, FRCPC
Rochester, Minnesota Professor
Department of Anesthesia
University of Toronto
Robert H. Brown, MD, MPH
Toronto Western Hospital
Professor
University Health Network
DepartmentofAnesthesiology,PhysiologyandRadiology
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland
Neal H. Cohen, MD, MPH, MS
Robert A. Caplan, MD Vice Dean for Academic Affairs
Professor of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care
Department of Anesthesiology
University of California, San Francisco
Virginia Mason Medical Center
School of Medicine
Seattle, Washington
San Francisco, California
Jeffrey L. Carson, MD
Nancy Collop, MD
Richard C. Reynolds Professor of Medicine
Associate Professor of Medicine
Chief, Division of General Internal Medicine
Division of Pulmonary and Critical
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
Care Medicine
Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
Director, The Johns Hopkins Sleep Disorders Center
New Brunswick, New Jersey
Baltimore, Maryland
Maurizio Cereda, MD
Richard T. Connis, PhD
Assistant Professor
Chief Methodologist
Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care
Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
American Society of Anesthesiologists
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Park Ridge, Illinois
Mark A. Chaney, MD
Douglas B. Coursin, MD
Associate Professor
Professor of Anesthesiology and Medicine
Director of Cardiac Anesthesia
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and
Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care
Public Health
University of Chicago
Madison, Wisconsin
Chicago, Illinois
Davy Cheng, MD, MSc, FRCPC, FCAHS Stefan G. De Hert, MD, PhD
Professor and Chair Professor of Anesthesiology
DepartmentofAnaesthesiaandPerioperativeMedicine University of Antwerp
LondonHealthSciencesCentreandSt.Joseph’s Vice-Chairman
HealthCare Department of Anesthesiology
UniversityofWesternOntario University Hospital Antwerp
London,Ontario,Canada Edegem, Belgium
Contributors ix
Clifford S. Deutschman, MD, MS, FCCM James Y. Findlay, MBChB, FRCA
Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology
and Surgery Consultant, Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
Director, Stavropoulos Sepsis Research Program Department of Anesthesiology
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Mayo Clinic
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Rochester, Minnesota
Karen B. Domino, MD, MPH
Michael G. Fitzsimons, MD, FCCP
Professor
Instructor in Anesthesia
Department of Anesthesiology
FellowshipDirector,AdultCardiothoracicAnesthesiology
University of Washington School of Medicine
Division of Cardiac Anesthesia
University of Washington Medical Center
Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care
Seattle, Washington
Harvard Medical School
Massachusetts General Hospital
Richard P. Dutton, MD, MBA
Boston, Massachusetts
Associate Professor of Anesthesiology
Chief, Trauma Anesthesiology Lee A. Fleisher, MD, FACC, FAHA
University of Maryland Medical Center,
Robert Dunning Dripps Professor and Chair
Baltimore, Maryland
Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care
Professor of Medicine
R. Blaine Easley, MD
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine,
Assistant Professor Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Department of Anesthesiology and Critical
Care Medicine
Nicole Forster, MD
Johns Hopkins Medical Center
Department of Anesthesiology
Baltimore, Maryland
Johannes Gutenburg University
David M. Eckmann, PhD, MD Mainz, Germany
Horatio C. Wood Professor of Anesthesiology
Stephen E. Fremes, MD
and Critical Care
Associate Professor of Bioengineering Head, Division of Cardiac Surgery
University of Pennsylvania SunnybrookandWomen’sCollegeHealthSciencesCentre
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Nabil Elkassabany, MD Alan Gaffney, MBBCh
Clinical Assistant Professor Registrar in Anaesthetics
Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care University of Dublin
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Dublin, Ireland
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Tong J. Gan, MBBS, FRCA, FFARCSI
John E. Ellis, MD
Professor
Adjunct Professor
Department of Anesthesiology
Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care
Duke University Medical Center
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Durham, North Carolina
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Kristin Engelhard, MD, PhD Santiago Garcia, MD
Chief Cardiology Fellow
Department of Anesthesiology
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
Johannes Gutenburg University
Mainz, Germany University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Lucinda L. Everett, MD
Adrian W. Gelb, MBChB
Associate Professor
Harvard Medical School Professor
Chief, Pediatric Anesthesia Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care
Massachusetts General Hospital University of California, San Francisco
Boston, Massachusetts San Francisco, California