Evapotranspiration: Principles and Applications for Water Management

601 Pages·2013·24.472 MB·English

by  Megh R Goyal

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
Principles and Applications for
Water Management
© 2014 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
Principles and Applications for
Water Management
Edited by
Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE, Editor-in-Chief
and Eric W. Harmsen, PhD, PE, Co-editor
Apple Academic Press
TORONTO NEW JERSEY
© 2014 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
CRC Press Apple Academic Press, Inc
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© 2014 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
CONTENTS
List of Contributors ..........................................................................................................ix
List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................xiii
List of Symbols ...............................................................................................................xvii
Preface 1 .........................................................................................................................xxi
Preface 2 ........................................................................................................................xxv
Foreword......................................................................................................................xxvii
Warning/Disclaimer ....................................................................................................xxxiii
About the Editor-in-Chief .............................................................................................xxxv
About the Co-editor ...................................................................................................xxxvii
PART I: PRINCIPLES
1. Historical Evolution of Evapotranspiration Methods ....................................1
Marvin E. Jensen
2. Water Vapor Flux Models for Agriculture ....................................................19
Victor H. Ramirez and Eric W. Harmsen
3. Direct Transpiration Measurement and Estimation ....................................67
Victor H. Ramirez
4. Design of Lysimeter for Turfgrass Water Use ...............................................75
Benjamin G. Wherley
5. Evapotranspiration: Meteorological Methods ..............................................87
Megh R. Goyal
6. Evaporation Estimations with Neural Networks ........................................109
P. S. Shirgure and G. S. Rajput
7. Pan Evaporation Modeling: Indian Agriculture.........................................131
P. S. Shirgure and G. S. Rajput
8. Evapotranspiration for Cypress and Pine Forests: Florida, USA .............165
David M. Sumner
PART II: APPLICATIONS
9. Evapotranspiration for Pinelands in New Jersey, USA ..............................229
David M. Sumner, Robert S. Nicholson, and Kenneth L. Clark
10. Water Management in Citrus .......................................................................273
P. S. Shirgure and A. K. Srivastava
© 2014 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
vi Contents
11. Vegetation Water Demand and Basin Water Availability in Mexico ........287
Judith Ramos Hernandez, F. J. González, L. Marrufo, and R. Dominguez
12. Water Conservation for Turfgrass ...............................................................305
Benjamin G. Wherley
13. Evapotranspiration with Modified Hargreaves Model: Saudi Arabia .....317
Mohammad Nabil Elnesr and Abdurrahman Ali Alazba
14. Evapotranspiration with Distant Weather Stations: Saudi Arabia ..........337
Mohammad Nabil Elnesr and Abdurrahman Ali Alazba
15. Actual Evapotranspiration Using Satellite Image in Thailand .................349
Preeyaphorn Kosa
16. Sensor Based Irrigation Scheduling .............................................................369
B. Keith Bellingham
17. Snow Data and Water Resources .................................................................389
B. Keith Bellingham
PART III: WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE TROPICS
18. Historical Overview of Evapotranspiration in Puerto Rico ......................407
Eric W. Harmsen
19. Reference Evapotranspiration for Colombian Coffee................................431
Victor H. Ramirez
20. Water Management for Agronomic Crops in Trinidad ..............................443
Megh R. Goyal
21. Crop Water Stress Index for Common Beans .............................................455
Victor H. Ramirez Builes, Eric W. Harmsen, and Timothy G. Porch
22. Evapotranspiration: Temperature Versus Elevation Relationships .........471
Megh R. Goyal
23. Generation of Missing Climatic Data: Puerto Rico ....................................479
Megh R. Goyal and S. F. Shih
24. Estimation of Pan Evaporation Coefficients ...............................................489
Eric W. Harmsen, Antonio González-Pérez, and Amos Winter
25. Daily Evapotranspiration Estimations Using Satellite Remote Sensing ......503
Eric W. Harmsen, John R. Mecikalski, Melvin J. Cardona-Soto, Alejandra Rojas-Gonzalez,
and Ramon E. Vasquez
26. Vapor Flux Measurement System ................................................................513
Eric W. Harmsen, Victor H. Ramirez Builes, Michael D. Dukes, Xinhua Jia,
Luis R. Perez Alegria, and Ramon E. Vasquez
© 2014 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
Contents vii
27. Climate Change Impacts on Agricultural Water Resources: 2090 ...........523
Eric W. Harmsen, Norman L. Miller, Nicole J. Schlegel, and Jorge E. Gonzalez
28. Evapotranspiration Using Satellite Remote Sensing for the Tropical
Climate ............................................................................................................545
Eric W. Harmsen, John Mecikalski, Ariel Mercado Vargas, and Pedro Tosado
29. Irrigation Scheduling for Sweet Pepper ......................................................555
Eric W. Harmsen, Joel Trinidad-Colon, Carmen L. Arcelay, and Dionel C. Rodriguez
30. Web-Based Irrigation Scheduling ................................................................567
Eric W. Harmsen
Appendix A .....................................................................................................577
Index ...............................................................................................................579
© 2014 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Abdurrahman Ali Alazba
Professor in Water Research, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, PO Box:
2460/11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
M. T. Amin
Assistant Professor in Water Research, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Saud University,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, PO Box: 2460/11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Carmen L. Arcelay
Former graduate research assistant, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR, USA
Email: [email protected]
B. Keith Bellingham
P.H., Certified Professional Hydrologist, and Soil Scientist , Stevens Water Monitoring Systems Inc., 12067
NE Glenn Widing Drive Suite 106, Portland-Oregon-97220-USA. Phone: [phone], http://www.ste-
venswater.com/contact.aspx
Email: [email protected]
Melvin J. Cardona-Soto
Graduate research assistant, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus.
Kenneth L. Clark
Research Forester, Silas Little Experiment Station, Northern Research Station, United States Department of
Agriculture Forest Service, 11 Campus Blvd., Suite 200 Newtown Square, PA 19073 Phone: [phone],
Email: [email protected]
Joel T. Colon
Former graduate research assistant, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR,
Email: [email protected]
R. Dominguez
Institute of Engineering, National Autonomous University of Mexico, University Avenue 3000, 04510
Coyoacan, Mexico D.F., Mexico.
Michael D. Dukes
Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gaines-
ville, FL., U.S.A., Email: [email protected]
Mohammad N. Elnesr
Assistant Professor, Shaikh Mohammad Alamoudi Chair for Water Research, College of Agriculture and
Food Sciences, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, PO Box: 2460/11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]
Antonio González-Pérez
Undergraduate Research Assistant, Department of Marine Science and Director of the Caribbean Atmo-
spheric Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, PR 00681
F. J. González
Institute of Engineering, National Autonomous University of Mexico, University Avenue 3000, 04510
Coyoacan, Mexico D.F., Mexico. Email: [email protected]
© 2014 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
x List of Contributors
Jorge E. Gonzalez
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, City College of New York.
Email: [email protected]
Megh R. Goyal
P.E., Retired Professor in Agricultural and Biomedical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico – Mayaguez
Campus; and Senior Technical Editor-in-Chief in Agriculture Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Apple
Academic Press Inc., PO Box 86, Rincon, PR 00677, USA. Email: [email protected]
Eric W. Harmsen
Professor, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez,
PR 00681, Email: [email protected]
Marvin E. Jensen
Retired Research Program Leader at USDA-ARS and Irrigation Consultant. 1207 Spring Wood Drive, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80525, USA. Email: [email protected]
Xinhua Jia
Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, North Dakota State Univer-
sity, Fargo, ND, U.S.A. Email: [email protected]
Preeyaphorn Kosa
Assistant Professor [Water Resources Engineering], School of Civil Engineering [Institute of Engineering],
Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000,
Thailand. Email: [email protected]
L. Marrufo
Institute of Engineering, National Autonomous University of Mexico, University Avenue 3000, 04510
Coyoacan, Mexico D.F., Mexico.
Ariel Mercado-Vargas
Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Computer and Electric al Engineering, UPRM;
G. Miller
Professor in Soil Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695
Norman L. Miller
Climate Science Department, Earth Sciences Division, Berkeley National Laboratory.
Email: [email protected]
Robert S. Nicholson
Chief, Environmental Studies Program, New Jersey Water Science Center, United States Geological Survey,
810 Bear Tavern Road, West Trenton, NJ, 08628. Phone: [phone], USA
Email: [email protected]
Luis R. Pérez-Alegía
Professor, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box
9030, Mayagüez, PR 00681, U.S.A. Email: [email protected]
Timothy G. Porch
Genetics Researcher, Tropical Agricultural Research Station, USDA-ARS, Mayagüez - Puerto Rico, USA.
Email: [email protected]
G. S. Rajput
Principal Scientist, Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India-482 004
Victor H. Ramirez-Builes
Agroclimatology and Crop Science Researcher, National Coffee Research Center (Cenicafe), Chinchina
(Caldas, Colombia). Email: [email protected]
© 2014 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
List of Contributors xi
Judith Ramos-Hernandez
Chemical Engineer, Institute of Engineering, National Autonomous University of Mexico, University Av-
enue 3000, 04510 Coyoacan, Mexico D.F., Mexico. Email: [email protected]
Dionel C. Rodríguez
Former undergraduate research assistant, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR
Alejandra Rojas-Gonzalez
Graduate Students, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus
Nicole J. Schlegel
Earth and Planetary Science Department, University of California, Berkeley. Email: [email protected]
ley.edu
S. F. Shih
P.E., Late Professor of Hydrology at University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences,
Gainesville, Florida
P. S. Shirgure
Senior Scientist, National Research Center for Citrus, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Amravati
Road, Nagpur, India, 440010. Email: [email protected]
T. Sinclair
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.
A. K. Srivastava
Principal Scientist, Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India – 482 004
David M. Sumner
Hydrologist, United States Geological Survey, Florida Water Science Center, 12703 Research Parkway,
Orlando, FL, 32826, USA. Phone: [phone], Email: [email protected]
Ramon E. Vasquez
P.E., Former Dean, College of Engineering and Professor, Department of Computer and Electrical Engineer-
ing, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR, Email: [email protected]
Benjamin G. Wherley
Assistant Professor, Turfgrass Physiology and Ecology, Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M Uni-
versity, College Station, TX 77843-2474. Email: [email protected]
Amos Winter
Professor, Department of Marine Science and Director of the Caribbean Atmospheric Research Center,
University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, PR 00681
© 2014 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
°C degree celsius
AC-FT acre foot
ACTMO Agricultural Chemical Transport Model (USDA)
AET actual evapotranspiration
AHPS Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service
AI artificial intelligence
ANN Artificial Neural Network
ARS Agricultural Research Service
ASABE American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers
ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers
ASCS Agriculture Stabilization and Conservation Service
ATP adenosine triphosphate
AWRA American Water Resources Association
AWS Agro-Climatic Weather Stations
AWWA American Water Works Association
B-C Blaney-Criddle
BOR Bureau of Reclamation
BP back propagation
BPNNs back propagation neural networks
CFS cubic feet per second
CFSM water depth, cubic feet per second per square mile
CGDD cumulative growing degree days
CLENS Computing Loading Estimates from Non-point Sources
CO carbon dioxide
2
CU consumptive use
CWSI crop water stress index
DOY day of the year
EP evolutionary programming
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EPAN pan evaporation
ET evapotranspiration
FAO Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome
FC field capacity
FWS Fish and Wildlife Service
GA genetic algorithm
GM general model
GUI graphical user interface
HRG Hargreaves
IASWC Indian Association of Soil and Water Conservationists
© 2014 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.