Evaluation of Drainage system in kebena stream catchment, Addis Ababa Nov, 2012

153 Pages·2017·19.07 MB·English

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH (IDR)
RICE CULTIVATION AND RURAL HOUSEHOLD
FOOD SECURITY IN FOGERA WOREDA PLAIN,
SOUTH GONDER ZONE, AMHARA NATIONAL
REGIONAL STATE OF ETHIOPIA
BY
LEGESSE GELAW ZELEKE
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
List of Tables ................................................................................................................. .IV
List of Figures ......................................................................................... '" ...................... V
Appendices............................................................. ..................................... .................. VI
Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................... VIII
Abbreviations/Acronyms ....................................................................... .IX
Glossary of Some Terms ..................................................................................................X
Abstract ......................................................................................................................... XII
CHAPTER ONE
I. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1
1. I. Background ......................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Statement of the Problem ................................................................................... .3
1.3. Objectives .......................................................................................................... .5
1.3.1. General Objectives ................................................................................... .5
1.3.2. Specific Objectives .................................................................................. .5
1.4. Research Questions ............................................................................................. 5
1.5. Significance of the Study .................................................................................... 6
1.6. Scope and Limitation of the Study ...................................................................... 6
1.7. Organization of the Thesis .................................................................................. 7
1.8. Definition of Some Terms .................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER TWO
2. Literature Review ................................................................................................. 9
2.1. Historical and Agronomic Characteristics of Rice Cultivation ......................... 9
2.1.1. Origin and distribution .............................................................................. 9
2.1.2. Area & production ..................................................................................... 9
2.1.3. Utilization and growth requirement of the rice crop .................................. ] 0
2.1.4. Adaptation .................................................................................................. 11
2.1.5. Botanical description ................................................................................. 12
I
2.1.6. Cultivation .................................................................................................. 13
2.1.7. Land preparation ........................................................................................ 14
2.1.8. Planting method and time of sowing ......................................................... 14
2.1.9. Fertilizer ..................................................................................................... 14
2.1.10. Time & frequency of weeding (weed control) ......................................... 15
2.1. 11. Harvesting, threshing & processing ......................................................... 15
2.1.12. Yield/storage ............................................................................................ 16
2.2. Extents of Rice Cultivation in the World and Ethiopia ..................................... 17
2.3. Constraints for Rice Cultivation in Fogera Plain ............................................... 20
2.4. Conceptualizing Food Security ...........................................................................2 1
2.4.1. Definitions & concepts of food securitylinsecurity ..................................2 1
2.4.2. Components/core concepts of food security .............................................2 4
2.4.3. Determinations of household's food security ........................................... 26
2.4.4. Household food security indicators .......................................................... 28
2.4.5. Food security challenges, causes & situations in
Ethiopia ................................................................................................... 30
2.4.7. Policies & strategic efforts towards enhancing food security ................... 33
2.4.8. Contribution/role of rice cultivation for HH food security ....................... 34
2.5. Analytical framework ........................................................................................ .3 7
CHAPTER THREE
3. Methodology ......................................................................................................... .40
3.1 Description of the study area ........................................................... .40
3.2. Selection of the Study Area ............................................................... " .............. .44
3.3. Data Sources and Collection Methods ............................................................... .45
3.3.1. Data collected ............................................................................................ 46
3.3.2. Data sources ............................................................................................. .46
3.3.3. Primary data collection ............................................................................ .46
3.2.4. Secondary data collection ........................................................................ .48
3.3. Sampling Design ............................................................................................... .49
3.4. Methods of Data Analysis ................................................................................... 50
II
CHAPTER FOUR
4. Findings and Discussion ...................................................................................... 51
4.1. Demographic Characteristics of Sample Households ........................................ 51
4.1.1. Sex, age and family size of sample households ....................................... 51
4.1.2. Martial status of sample households ......................................................... 53
4.1.3. Educational status of sample households .................................................. 53
4.1.4. Occupational status of sample household heads ....................................... 54
4.1.5. Religion and ethnicity of sample households ........................................... 55
4.2. Farming System and Agricultural Production in Fogera Plain .......................... 55
4.2.1. Crop production in Fogera plain .............................................................. 55
4.2.2. Rice cultivation and livestock production in the plain .............................. 58
4.2.3. Rice fanning practices in Fogera plain ..................................................... 59
4.3. Extent of Rice Production and Associated Factors in Fogera Plain ...................6 8
4.3.1. The role of extension service in the adoption ofrice ................................ 71
4.3.2. Input supply and credit services in Fogera plain ...................................... 73
4.4. Major Constraints of Rice Production ................................................................ 76
4.5. Contribution of Rice Cultivation to Households Income and Food
Security in Fogera Plain ..................................................................................... 79
4.5.1. Contribution of rice to income in the plain ............................................... 79
4.5.2. Contribution of rice to food security in the plain ...................................... 82
CHAPTER FIVE
5. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation .................................................... 92
5.1. Summary of Findings .......................................................................................... 92
5.2. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 94
5.3. Recommendation ................................................................................................ 95
References .......................................................................................................................9 7
Appendices ...................................................................................................................... 10 3
III
Lists of Tables
Table 1- The nutrient content of different crops .............................................................. I 1
Table 2- Average atmual production rates of rice growth (%) by continent .................. I 7
Table 3- Average area and production of rice during the last four decades ................... I 8
Table 4- Rice harvested area and paddy rice production in Africa .................................. I 9
Table 5- Household food security indictors .................................................................... 29
Table 6- Food production and availability in Ethiopia (MT) ........................................ .32
Table 7- Total population by holders and sex ................................................................. .41
Table 8 -Land use pattern of Fogera Woreda ................................................................ .43
Table 9 -Number of sample households in the selected Kebeles in
Fogera Woreda .......................................................................... 50
Table 10- Distribution of sample households by sex atld age ........................................ 51
Table 11- Age composition of sample household members in the study area ................ 52
Table 12- Distribution of Marital status of sample household heads by
household type ............................................................................................... 53
Table 13- Distribution of sample household heads by level of Education ..................... 54
Table 14-Major occupation ofsatnple household ........................................................... 55
Table 15- Respondent's perception on rice compared to teff and millet with
regard to different crop characteristics ............................................. 56
Table 16- Partial budgets of rice, teffand millet per hectare ofland in rice producers ... 57
Table 17- Value shat'e of rice production from major crops ............................................ 57
Table 18- Rice producers' reasons for the decline oflivestock number in the plain ....... 58
Table 19- Cultivation calendar of major crops in Fogera plain ....................................... 60
Table 20- Major products delivered to the market by satnple household's ..................... 66
Table 2 I-Extent (Trend) of rice production in Fogera Woreda ...................................... 69
Table 22- Distribution of HHs by land holding with respect to major crops .................. 70
Table 23- Frequency of visits by extension agent per month .......................................... 72
Table 24- Users of modern agricultural inputs by sample households, 2006 .................. 74
Table 25- Income (Birr) of sample households by income sources (2006) .................... 80
Table 26- Crop income share in relation to HH crop income sources (2006) ................ 81
IV
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Table 27- HH income generated from sale oflivestock ................................................. 82
Table 28- Distribution of available Kcal per HH per year from crop production,
2006 cropping season .............................................................................. ...... 83
Table 29-Subsistence potential ratio (SPR) of sample households in the plain, 200 ...... 85
Table 30-Number of daily meals of HH members by different harvests ....................... 86
Table 31-Need and reception offood aid by sample households .................................. 87
Table 32- Perception of rice cultivators on their livelihood situation after the
intervention of rice ........................................................................................ 89
Table 33-House type by sample households ................................................................... 90
Lists of Figures
Figl- Conceptual framework for contribution of rice cultivation to household
food security .......................................................................................................... 39
Fig 2- Different types of local dishes prepared from rice ...............................................6 4
Fig 3 - Rice weeding, transportation and marketing ...................................................... 136
List of Maps
List of Maps .................................................................................................................... .40
Map I; Location Map of Fogera Woreda in Ethiopia .............................. .40
Map 2; Map of Arnhara Region by Woreda .................................. 40
Map 3; Map of Fogera Woreda by Kebele ............................................... .40
v
List of Appendices
Appendix 1: Research questiolmaires for HH survey, key informants and FGD .................. 10 3
Appendix 2: Conversion factor used to estimate the adult equivalent units .......................... 122
Appendix 3: Composition offoods commonly used in Ethiopia (l00 gm) ........................... 123
Appendix 4: Number of relief beneficiaries in South Gondar Zone ...................................... 124
Appendix 5: Ethiopia vulnerable population to acute food insecurity, 1981-2003 ............... 124
Appendix 6: List of key informants in the study area ........................................................... .125
Appendix 7: Some formulas used in the study to compute the food security of the
household in the plain ....................................................................................... 126
Appendix 8: Distribution of available kcal per sample HH per year from
crop production, 2006 ....................................................................................... 127
Appendix 9: Kcal availability per HHs per crop ................................................................... 128
Appendix 10: Kcal requirement per HH per adult equivalent.. ............................................. 132
VI
Dedication
This Thesis manuscript is dedicated to my beloved and smaJ1 child Bethelhem Legesse,
whom I always consider her as a substitute of the lonely and dearly loved my sister the
late Fentanesh Gelaw.
VII
Acknowledgment
Above all, my praises goes to "the Lord God" who have given me the tolerance and
patience to reach at this stage.
I would like to express my gratitude to my academic advisor Dr. Workneh Negatu
(Associate Professor) for his assistance in providing me valuable comments, suggestions
and technical supports on the essence and contents of this study from the beginning up to
its completion.
I promote my thanks to Amhara National Regional State Bureau of Agriculture that gave
me sponsorship. I am also grateful for the support and accommodation (computers,
photocopy, etc.) given by South Gondar Zone Agricultural and Rural Development
Department during my stay in the field. Additionally, I would like to thank SAA
Regional Rice Program (especially for Dr. Tareke Berhe), Amhara Agricultural Research
Institute and Addis Ababa University for financial grant and technical support to
complete my thesis on time.
My thanks also go to Ato Alemayehu Walle, Fogera Woreda Agronomist Head, for his
assistance during the selection of data collectors and served as a supervisor through out
the data collection process.
I am thankful to my wife Shashitica for bearing in my absence handling our smart child
Bethelhem Legesse. I also gave great appreciation for her patience and commitment
during the process of the study. Moreover, I express my thanks to my daughter, Bety who
lacked my care and support for her academic achievement when I was working my post
graduate study. In fact, I never forget the late Wlo Sintayehu Biyadigie, my mother, and
Ato Gelaw Zeleke, my father, for their all over contribution to my academic success.
Finally, I would like to thank my friends and relatives who directly or indirectly gave me
support in the course of the study. In this regard Tesfaye Asefa,Goshu Worku, Gizachew
Sisay, Tafere berhe, Melesse Iiyhe, Abebaw Nega, Akililu Fikadie, Emebet Mengisitu,
Melkie Tadesse, Akilog Yimer, Shumiye Alemu, Nina Negash, Ager Endale,Melese
yigrem are to be mentioned for their friendly advice and their tec1mical support.
VIII