Evaluation of asphalt additives for improved cracking and rutting resistance of asphalt paving mixtures

247 Pages·1996·8.5 MB·English

by  Shih, Chuang-Tsair, 1963-

EVALUATIONOFASPHALTADDITIVESFORIMPROVEDCRACKING
ANDRUTTINGRESISTANCEOFASPHALTPAVINGMIXTURES
By
CHUANG-TSAIRSHIH
ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL
OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENT
OFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF
DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY
UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA
1996
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ItisveryfortunatefortheauthortohavehadDr.MangTiaasadvisorand
chairmanofthesupervisorycommittee. Withouthissupport,guidanceandcontinuous
encouragement,thisworkwouldnothavebeenpossible. SpecialthanksgotoDr.Byron
E.Ruth,whohaskindlyservedasthecochairmanofhissupervisorycommittee,forhis
technicaladviceandhumor. SincerethanksaregiventoDr.ReynaldoRoqueforhis
detailedadvicethroughthechallengingstagesofthisstudy. Specialappreciationis
expressedtoDr.DavidBloomquistforhispatientguidanceontheprojectssincetheearly
stageofthestudy. ThanksaregiventoDr.MarkC.K.Yangforservingontheauthor’s
supervisorycommitteeandhavinggivenofhisexpertiseandtime.
ThanksareextendedtotheFloridaDepartmentofTransportation(FDOT)for
providingfinancialsupport,andtotheFDOTpersonnel,particularlyT.Dillow,G.Lopp,
G.Schiller,A.TurnerandP.Upshaw. TheauthorwouldliketothankE.Dobson,D.
Richardson,andB.Studstill,andtoalltheotherstudentsandfriends,Shin-CheHuang,
Chui-TeChiu,Ming-GinLee,Jua-RongChou,DaiLu,XiaofangWang,Tu-MingLeung,
A.M.Agosta,W.Buttlar,T.Safer,S.QarghaandG.Jonnsonfortheirhelp.
Finally,theauthorisdeeplyindebtedtohisparentsandsistersfortheirlove,
encouragementandsupportthroughouthisstudies.
11
TABLEOFCONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ii
LISTOFTABLES vi
LISTOFFIGURES ix
ABSTRACT xiv
CHAPTERS
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1Background 1
1.2StudyObjectives 2
2 LITERATUREREVIEW 3
2.1DistressesInAsphaltConcretePavements 3
2.2MechanismsofPrimaryPavementDistress 5
2.2.1MechanismofLowTemperatureCracking 5
2.2.2MechanismofThermalFatigueCracking 5
2.2.3MechanismofRutting 6
2.3FactorsContributingtoPavementDistress 7
2.3.1FactorsAffectingLowTemperatureCracking
andThermalFatigueCracking 7
2.3.1.1 Material 8
2.3.1.2 Environment 8
2.3.1.3 PavementStructure 9
2.3.2 FactorsAffectingRutting 9
2.3.2.1 Aggregate 10
2.3.2.2 Binder 11
2.3.2.3 Mixture 11
2.3.2.4 Test/FieldConditions 13
2.4ImprovementofPavementPerformance
byUsingtheModifiedBinders 14
iii
2.4.1 ClassificationofModifiers 14
2.4.2 EffectsofModifiersonAsphaltMixtures 18
2.4.2.1 Gilsonite 18
2.4.2.2 Thermoplastic 18
2.4.2.3 Elastomer 19
2.4.2.4 Thermoset 20
3 RESEARCHPROGRAMANDINSTRUMENTATION 21
3.1LaboratoryTestingProgramonAsphaltCements 22
3.1.1MaterialsTested 22
3.1.2BrookfieldRheometerTest 24
3.1.3CannonSchweyerConstantStressRheometer 27
3.1.4FraassBreakingPointTest 29
3.1.5SHRPBendingBeamRheometer 29
3.1.6SHRPDynamicShearRheometer 31
3.1.7SHRPDirectTensionTester 33
3.1.8InfraredSpectralAnalysis 36
3.2InvestigationonAgingofAsphaltCements 38
3.2.1MaterialsTested 38
3.2.2CaliforniaTiltOven 39
3.2.3PressureAgingVessel 39
3.3LaboratoryTestingProgramonAsphaltMixtures 42
3.3.1MaterialsTested 42
3.3.2DiametralResilientModulusTest 45
3.3.3IndirectTensileCreepTest 51
3.3.4IndirectTensileStrengthTest 54
3.3.5LoadedWheelTest 54
3.3.6AsphaltExtractionandRecoveryMethods 57
4 RESULTSOFBINDERSTESTS 58
4.1StatisticalModel 58
4.24E.f4f.e1ctsofModifiersontheHigh-TemperatureProperties 59
4.2.1BrookfieldViscosity 59
4.2.2ResultsofDynamicShearRheometerTest 66
4.3EffectsofModifiersontheIntermediate-TemperatureProperties76
4.3.1Penetration 26
4.3.2ResultsofDynamicShearRheometerTest 76
4.3.3ResultsofConstantStressRheometerTest 86
4.4EffectsofModifiersontheLow-TemperatureProperties 90
FraassBreakingPointTest 90
IV
4.4.2ResultsofBendingBeamRheometerTest 97
4.4.3ResultsofDirectTensionTest 104
4.5EffectsofModifiersonTemperatureSusceptibility 109
4.5.1PenetrationViscosityNumber 109
4.5.2BitumenTestDataChart(BTDC) 112
4.6EffectsofModifiersonAgingCharacteristics 124
4.6.1ViscosityAgingIndex 124
4.6.2CarbonylRatioIndex 128
4.7SummaryofFindings 128
5 RESULTSOFASPHALTMIXTURETESTS 135
5.1EffectsofModifiersonHighTemperatureCharacteristics .. 135
5.1.1ResultsofGyratoryTestingMachineTest 135
5.1.2ResultsofLoadedWheelTest 141
5.2EffectsofModifiersonLowTemperatureCharacteristics... 150
5.2.1ResultsofDiametralResilientModulusTest 150
5.2.2ResultsofIndirectTensileCreepTest 156
5.2.3ResultsofIndirectTensileStrengthTest 164
5.3ResultsofTestsonRecoveredAsphaltResidues 167
i 5.4RelationshipsBetweenBinderandMixtureProperties 172
5.5SummaryofFindings 175
6 CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONS 178
6.1Conclusions 178
6.2Recommendations 181
APPENDICES
A RESULTSOFBINDERTESTS 182
B RESULTSOFMIXTURETESTS 212
REFERENCES 224
BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 230
v
LISTOFTABLES
Tables Ease
2.1 PavementDistressandPossibleCausesinAsphaltConcretePavements 4
2.2 AsphaltAdditivesCurrentlyBeingUsedorTestedinPavements 16
2.3 ClassificationofPolymericMaterials 17
3.1 ListofModifiedAsphaltBindersTested 23
3.2 SourceofAggregatesandJobMixFormulaforDense-gradedMixes 24
4.1 ResultsofANOVAandDuncan’sGroupingontheBrookfieldViscosity
, oftheOriginalandPAV-20hour-agedBinders 61
4.2 SummaryofResultsofRegressionAnalysesfortheRelationshipBetween
BrookfieldViscosityandLevelofModifierAdded 64
4.3 ResultsofANOVAandDuncan’sGroupingontheComplexModulus
at60°Cat10rad/secoftheOriginalandTFOT-163°C-agedBinders 67
4.4 SummaryofResultsofRegressionAnalysesfortheRelationship
BetweenComplexModulusat60°CandLevelofModifierAdded 70
4.5 ResultsofANOVAandDuncan’sGroupingonthePhaseAngleat60°C
at10rad/secoftheOriginalBindersandTFOT-163°C-agedBinders 72
4.6 SummaryofResultsofRegressionAnalysesontheRelationship
BetweentheComplexModulusandTemperature 75
4.7 ResultsofANOVAandDuncan’sGroupingonthePenetration
at25°CoftheOriginalBindersandPAV-20hour-agedBinders 77
4.8 ResultsofANOVAandDuncan’sGroupingofPAV-20hour-agedBinders
onthebasisofComplexModulusat20°Cat10rad/sec 80
vi
4.9 ResultsofANOVAandDuncan’sGroupingofPAV-20hour-aged
BindersonthebasisofPhaseAngleat20°Cat10rad/sec 82
4.10 SummaryofResultsofRegressionAnalysesRelatingtheComplexModulus
at20°CtotheLevelofModifierAddedforPAV-20hour-agedBinders .... 84
4.11 SummaryofResultsofRegressionAnalysesforRelatingtheComplex
Modulusat10rad/sectoTemperatureforPAV-20hour-agedBinders 87
4.12 ResultsofAN0VAandDuncan’sGroupingofPAV-20hour-aged
BindersontheBasisofG*sin6at20°Cat10rad/sec 88
4.13 ResultsofANOVAandDuncan’sGroupingofPAV-40hour-aged
Bindersat5°Cand25°ContheBasisofConstantPowerViscosity 91
4.14 ResultsofANOVAandDuncan’sGroupingofOriginalandCTO-72hour-
agedBindersonthebasisofFraassBreakingPoint 94
4.15 ResultsofANOVAandDuncan’sGroupingontheCreepStiffnessof
PAV-20hour-agedBindersat-12°Cand-24°C 98
i
4.16 SummaryofResultsofRegressionAnalysesfortheRelationshipBetween
theCreepStiffnessat-12°CandtheLevelofModifierAdded 103
4.17 ResultsofANOVAandDuncan’sGroupingofPAV-20hour-aged
BindersontheBasisofm-valueat-12°Cand-24°C 105
4.18 ResultsofANOVAandDuncan’sGroupingofPVN^.^)ofUnaged
andPAV-20hour-agedBinders 110
4.19 CarbonylRatioIndexesofAsphaltBinders 129
A.l BrookfieldViscosityat60°C 182
A.2 G*at1.59Hz(10rad/sec) 184
A.3 PhaseAngleat1.59Hz 187
A.4 Penetrationat25°C 191
A.5 SchweyerConstantPowerViscosityat5°C 193
A.6 SchweyerConstantPowerViscosityat25°C 197
vii
A.7 FraassBreakingPointTemperature 201
A.8 CreepStiffnessofPAV20HoursResidueat-12°Cand-24°C 203
A.9 Them-ValueofPAV20HoursResidueat-12°Cand-24°C 204
A.10 ResultsofDirectTensionTestat-12°ConPAV-20hour-aged
AsphaltBinders 205
A.11 PenetrationViscosityNumber[PAV(25.60)] 206
A.12 BrookfieldViscosityAgingIndexat60°C 208
A.13 ResultsofInfararedSpectralAnalysis 210
B.l ResultsofGyratoryTestingMachine 212
B.2 ResultsofLoadedWheelTest 216
B.3 ResultsofDiametralResilientModulusTests 217
iB.4 ResultsofIndirectTensileCreepTests 221
B.5 ResultsofIndirectTensileStrengthTestat-10°C 222
B.6 ResultsofTestsonRecoveredBinders 223
Vlll
LISTOFFIGURES
Earn
gage
3.1 FlowChartofActivitiesofSubtaskI 25
3.2 BrookfieldRheometerReadingandControllingSystem 26
3.3 CannonSchweyerRheometerSystem 28
3.4 FraassBreakingPointTester 30
3.5 BendingBeamRheometer 32
3.6 BohlinDynamicShearRheometerTestSystem 34
3.7 DirectTensionTester 35
3.8 TheFourierTransformationInfraredSpectrophotometer 37
3.9 FlowChartofActivitiesofSubtaskII 40
3.10 RollingThinFilmOven 41
3.11 PressureAgingVesselTestSystem 43
3.12 FlowChartofActivitiesofSubtaskIII 46
3.13 IndirectTensileTestingDevice 47
3.14 TypicalLoad,DeformationversusTimeRelationshipsina
Repeated-LoadIndirectTensionTest 50
3.15 LoadedWheelTester 56
4.1 RelationshipBetweenBrookfieldViscosityat60°CandLevel
ofGilsoniteAddedonUnagedAC-5 63
IX
0
4.2 RelationshipBetweenComplexModulusat60°Cat1 rad/sec
andLevelofGilsoniteAddedonUnagedAC-5 go
4.3 RelationshipBetweenComplexModulusat10rad/secandTest
TemperatureforUnagedGilsoniteModifiedAC-5Binders 74
4.4 ComparisonofPenetrationat25°CforUnagedandPAV-20hour-
agedGroundTireRubberModifiedBinders 79
4.5 RelationshipBetweenComplexModulusat20°Cand10rad/secand
LevelofGilsoniteAdditiontoPAV-20hour-agedAC-5 83
4.6 RelationshipBetweenComplexModulusat10rad/secandTest
TemperatureonPAV-20hour-agedGTRModifiedAC-20Binders 85
4.7 PlotofG*sin6versusTemperatureforPAV-20hour-agedSBR
ModifiedAC-20Binders g9
4.8 ComparisonofConstantPowerViscostiyat5°CforTFOT-185°C-
agedUnmodifiedandModifiedAC-20Binders 93
4.9 ComparisonofFraassBreakingPointTemperaturesofUnagedand
PAV-20hour-agedAC-20Binders 96
4.10 ComparisonofCreepStiffnessat-12°Cand-24°CforPAV-20hour-
agedAC-20Binders jqo
4.11 RelationshipBetweenCreepStiffnessat-12°CandLevelofGTR
AddedonPAV-20hour-agedAC-20 102
4.12 Comparisonofm-valueat-12°Cand-24°CforPAV-20hour-
agedAC-20Binders 107
4.13 ComparisonofFailureStrainat-12°CforPAV-20hour-agedBinders ... 108
4.14 ComparisonofPenetrationViscosityNumberforUnagedand
PAV-20hour-agedAC-20Binders 113
4.15 BitumenTestDataChartsforUnagedGilsoniteModifiedAC-5Binders .. 114
4.16 BitumenTestDataChartsforPAV-20hour-agedGilsonite
ModifiedAC-5Binders H5
x