Evaluating the System of Systems Requirements Allocation

179 Pages·2013·2.01 MB·English

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Evaluating the System of Systems Requirements Allocation Process
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy at George Mason University
by
David A. Flanigan
Master of Science
Johns Hopkins University, 2007
Master of Science
Johns Hopkins University, 2005
Bachelor of Science
University of Arizona, 1993
Director: Peggy S. Brouse, Associate Professor
Systems Engineering and Operations Research
Spring Semester 2013
George Mason University
Fairfax, VA
This work is licensed under a creative commons
attribution-noderivs 3.0 unported license.

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DEDICATION
This is dedicated to my wife Debra, and our two daughters Jeanie and Marisa. During my
efforts in graduate school, they have provided support and encouragement that allowed
me to focus and achieve this accomplishment.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank Dr. Peggy Brouse for her guidance and mentorship throughout this
entire process. It was because of her that numerous opportunities to publish and present at
various professional conferences were realized, enabling the execution of life-long
learning. I would like to thank my committee, Dr. Andrew Sage, Dr. Abbas Zaidi, and
Dr. Lance Sherry whom I have learned valuable knowledge from their courses, as well as
challenged by their questions and comments to make this dissertation more rigorous and
thought provoking. Finally, I am indebted to my employer, The Johns Hopkins
University Applied Physics Laboratory that provided funding to make this
accomplishment possible.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... vi
List of Figures ................................................................................................................... vii
List of Equations ................................................................................................................ ix
List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... x
Abstract ............................................................................................................................. xii
Chapter One ...................................................................................................................... 14
Chapter Two...................................................................................................................... 19
Chapter Three.................................................................................................................... 52
Chapter Four ..................................................................................................................... 55
Chapter Five ...................................................................................................................... 87
Chapter Six...................................................................................................................... 137
Chapter Seven ................................................................................................................. 167
References ....................................................................................................................... 172

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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 1: BMDS Functional Activity Description ............................................................. 61
Table 2: Full factorial setup for BMDS SoS mission analysis ......................................... 81
Table 3: Summary of BMDS SoS Operational Reach ...................................................... 83
Table 4: Summary of BMDS SoS network usage ............................................................ 83
Table 5: Summary of BMDS SoS system usage .............................................................. 84
Table 6: Initial SoS phase allocation of systems for AAW mission (level 1) .................. 90
Table 7: Description of AAW mission functions (level 2) ............................................... 91
Table 8: Description of AAW mission functions (level 2) ............................................... 92
Table 9: Full factorial setup for CSG SoS AAW mission analysis ................................ 118
Table 10: CSG SoS functional activity description phase for the AAW mission (level 1)
......................................................................................................................................... 118
Table 11: Summary of cases 1-5 summary of fit and analysis of variance .................... 122
Table 12: Summary of critical factors in cases 1-5 for the AAW SoS mission area based
on ANOVA results .......................................................................................................... 123
Table 13: Summary of cases 1-5 for the AAW SoS mission area .................................. 131
Table 14: Summary of CSG SoS Operational Reach ..................................................... 132
Table 15: Summary of CSG SoS network usage ............................................................ 133
Table 16: Summary of CSG SoS system usage .............................................................. 133
Table 17: Summary of CSG SoS network usage per case .............................................. 135
Table 18: Summary of CSG SoS system usage per case ................................................ 135
Table 19: Initial SoS phase allocation for border surveillance mission (level 1) ........... 141
Table 20: Description of border surveillance mission functions (level 1) ...................... 142
Table 21: Description of border surveillance mission functions (level 2) ...................... 142
Table 22: Full factorial setup for the border surveillance mission analysis ................... 157
Table 23: CBP SoS functional activity description phase for the border surveillance
mission (level 1) .............................................................................................................. 157
Table 24: Summary of critical factors for the CBP SoS mission area based on ANOVA
results .............................................................................................................................. 160
Table 25: Summary of CBP SoS network usage ............................................................ 165
Table 26: Summary of CBP SoS system usage .............................................................. 165

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure 1: Common SoS Definitions from Jamshidi, SoS Engineering Innovations for the
21st Century ....................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 2: Seven core SoS elements cross reference with activities from DoD SE Guide
for SoS .............................................................................................................................. 23
Figure 3: IEEE-1220-2005 (R2011) RE Process from IEEE ............................................ 28
Figure 4: ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148:2011(E) Requirements Engineering Process ................. 29
Figure 5: Requirements Process from Bahill .................................................................... 32
Figure 6: Allocation of Functions to Components from Buede, The Engineering Design
of Systems ......................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 7: Requirements Negotiation Outcomes from Easterbrook, Resolving
Requirements Conflicts with Computer-Supported Negotiation ...................................... 37
Figure 8: Capabilities Based Assessment Process from Department of Defense ............. 39
Figure 9: Capabilities Based Assessment Process from TRADOC .................................. 40
Figure 10: USAF Approach to Capabilities Based Planning from Jones and Herslow .... 42
Figure 11: A Process Model for Capabilities-Based Planning from Davis, Analytic
Architecture for Capabilities-based planning, mission-system analysis, and
transformation ................................................................................................................... 43
Figure 12: The differences between SysML and UML from Object Management Group46
Figure 13: The Ballistic Missile Defense System (MDA website)................................... 57
Figure 14: Ballistic Missile Flight Phases (Derived from MDA BMDS PEIS) ............... 58
Figure 15: BMDS SoS phases and allocated nodes example (derived from MDA BMDS
PEIS) ................................................................................................................................. 59
Figure 16: BMDS SoS Activity Diagram ......................................................................... 61
Figure 17: BMDS SoS example six phases ...................................................................... 64
Figure 18: BMDS SoS example phase frequency............................................................. 64
Figure 19: BMDS adjacency matrices example (derived from MDA BMDS PEIS) ....... 65
Figure 20: BMDS adjacency matrices with each of the five nodes removed ................... 67
Figure 21: SoS Operational Reach .................................................................................... 69
Figure 22: SoS Operational Reach by SoS phase ............................................................. 70
Figure 23: Summary statistics ........................................................................................... 80
Figure 24: Scaled estimates .............................................................................................. 85
Figure 25: Interaction Profilers ......................................................................................... 85
Figure 26: Desirability Factors ......................................................................................... 85
Figure 27: Pareto Plots ...................................................................................................... 86
Figure 28: CSG SoS scope for the AAW mission ............................................................ 89
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Figure 29: CSG system stationing for the AAW mission area ....................................... 108
Figure 30: CSG SoS phase frequency for the AAW mission area ................................. 109
Figure 31: CSG SoS activity level 1 diagram for the AAW mission area ...................... 110
Figure 32: CSG SoS activity diagram for the AAW mission (level 2, Find and Fix phase)
......................................................................................................................................... 111
Figure 33: CSG SoS activity diagram for the AAW mission (level 2, Track and Target
phase) .............................................................................................................................. 112
Figure 34: CSG SoS activity diagram for the AAW mission (level 2, Engage phase) ... 113
Figure 35: CSG SoS activity diagram for the AAW mission (level 2, Assess phase) .... 114
Figure 36: CSG SoS adjacency matrices for the AAW mission area ............................. 115
Figure 37: CSG AAW Case 1 mission profiler results ................................................... 126
Figure 38: CSG AAW Case 2 mission profiler results ................................................... 127
Figure 39: CSG AAW Case 3 mission profiler results ................................................... 128
Figure 40: CSG AAW Case 4 mission profiler results ................................................... 129
Figure 41: CSG AAW Case 5 mission profiler results ................................................... 130
Figure 42: Previous DHS border surveillance SoS concept (Project Case Studies) ....... 138
Figure 43: CBP SoS scope for the border surveillance mission ..................................... 140
Figure 44: CBP SoS phase frequency example .............................................................. 150
Figure 45: CBP SoS phase frequency for the border surveillance mission example ...... 151
Figure 46: CBP SoS activity level 1 diagram for the border surveillance mission ........ 152
Figure 47: CBP SoS activity level 2 diagram for the border surveillance mission
(Detect/Track, Classify/Identify) .................................................................................... 153
Figure 48: CBP SoS activity level 2 diagram for the border surveillance mission
(Respond, Resolve) ......................................................................................................... 154
Figure 49: CBP SoS adjacency matrices for the border surveillance mission ................ 155
Figure 50: CBP SoS mission profiler results .................................................................. 162
Figure 51: CBP mission operational reach summary ..................................................... 164

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LIST OF EQUATIONS
Equation Page
Equation 1 SoS Operational Reach ................................................................................... 69
Equation 2 SoS Network Usage ........................................................................................ 71
Equation 3 System Network Usage in SoS ....................................................................... 72
Equation 4 System Contribution to SoS Mission ............................................................. 75
Equation 5 Number of SoS Possible Configurations ........................................................ 77
Equation 6 Changes in Operational Reach ....................................................................... 78

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