Table Of ContentPragmatic Organization of Discourse
in the Languages of Europe
≥
Empirical Approaches
to Language Typology
urotyp
E 20-8
Editors
Georg Bossong
Bernard Comrie
Mouton de Gruyter
Berlin · New York
Pragmatic Organization
of Discourse
in the Languages of Europe
edited by
Giuliano Bernini
Marcia L. Schwartz
Mouton de Gruyter
Berlin · New York
MoutondeGruyter(formerlyMouton,TheHague)
isaDivisionofWalterdeGruyterGmbH&Co.KG,Berlin.
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
PragmaticorganizationofdiscourseinthelanguagesofEurope/edited
byGiulianoBernini,MarciaL.Schwartz.
p.cm.(cid:1)(Empiricalapproachestolanguagetypology.EUROTYP;
20-8)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN-13:978-3-11-015753-6(hardcover:alk.paper)
ISBN-10:3-11-015753-5(hardcover:alk.paper)
1. Europe (cid:1) Languages. 2. Pragmatics. 3. Grammar, Compara-
tive and general (cid:1) Syntax. 4. Discourse analysis. I. Bernini,
Giuliano. II.Schwartz,MarciaL. III.Series.
P380.P73 2006
306.44094(cid:1)dc22
2005031059
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ISBN-13: 978-3-11-015753-6
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The present volume is one of a series of nine volumes in which the results of the
European research project “Typology of Languages in Europe” (EUROTYP) are
published. The initiative for a European project on language typology came from
aproposaljointlysubmittedtotheEuropeanScienceFoundation(ESF)byJohannes
Bechert(UniversityofBremen),ClaudeBuridant(UniversityofStrasbourg),Martin
Harris(UniversityofSalford,nowUniversityofManchester)andPaoloRamat(Uni-
versityofPavia).
On the basis of this proposal and following consultations with six experts the
StandingCommitteefortheHumanitiesoftheESFdecidedtoorganizeaworkshop
(Rome,January1988),inwhichthisideawasfurtherexploredanddeveloped.The
resultsofthisworkshop(publishedbyMouton,1990)weresufficientlyencouraging
for the Standing Committee toappoint a preparatorycommittee andentrustitwith
thetasksofdrawingupapreliminaryproposal,ofsecuringinterestandparticipation
from a sufficiently large number of scholars and of finding a suitable programme
director. The project proposal formulated and sent out by Simon Dik (University
of Amsterdam) as chair of this committee met with verysupportive andenthusias-
ticreactions,sothattheStandingCommitteefortheHumanitiesrecommendedthe
fundingofaplanningstageandtheGeneralAssemblyoftheESF approvedayear
zero(1989)foranESFProgrammeinLanguageTypology.
Duringthisplanningphaseallmajordecisionsconcerningthemanagementstruc-
tureandtheorganisationoftheworkweretaken,i.e.,theselectionofaprogramme
director,theselectionofninefocalareasaroundwhichtheresearchwastobeorga-
nized, the selection of a theme coordinator for each theme and the selection of the
advisorycommittee.
Thefirsttaskoftheprogramme directorwastodrawupadefinitiveprojectpro-
posal,whichwassupplementedwithindividualproposalsforeachthemeformulated
bythethemecoordinators,andthisnewproposalbecamethebasisofadecisionby
theESFtofundtheProgrammeforaperiodoffiveyears(1990–1994).
Languagetypologyisthestudyofregularities,patternsandlimitsincrosslinguis-
tic variation. The major goal of EUROTYP was to study the patterns and limits of
variation in nine focal areas: pragmatic organization of discourse, constituent or-
der, subordination and complementation, adverbialconstructions,tenseand aspect,
nounphrasestructure,cliticsandwordprosodicsystemsinthelanguagesofEurope.
The decision to restrict the investigation to the languages of Europe was imposed
for purely practical and pragmatic reasons. In the course of the project an attempt
wasmade,however,tomakeasmuchsenseofthisrestrictionaspossible,bychar-
acterizing the specific features of European languages against the background of
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vi GeneralPreface
non-Europeanlanguagesandbyidentifyingarealphenomena(Sprachbünde)within
Europe.
Morespecifically,thegoalsoftheEUROTYPprojectincludedthefollowing:
–tocontributetotheanalysisoftheninedomainssingledoutasfocalareas,toas-
sesspatternsandlimitsofcross-linguisticvariationandtoofferexplanationsofthe
patternsobserved.
– to bring linguists from various European countries and from different schools or
traditionsoflinguisticstogetherwithinamajorinternationalprojectonlanguagety-
pologyandindoingsocreateanewbasisforfuturecooperativeventureswithinthe
fieldoflinguistics. Morethan100linguists frommore than20Europeancountries
andtheUnitedStatesparticipatedintheproject.
– to promote the field of language typology inside and outside of Europe. More
specifically,anattemptwasmadeto subjectto typologicalanalysisalarge number
ofnewaspectsanddomainsoflanguagewhichwereunchartedterritorybefore.
–toprovidenewinsightsintothespecificpropertiesofEuropeanlanguagesandthus
contributetothecharacterizationofEuropeasalinguisticarea(Sprachbund).
–tomakeacontributiontothemethodologyandthetheoreticalfoundationsoftypol-
ogybydevelopingnewformsofcooperationandbyassessingtheroleofinductive
generalization and the role of theory construction in language typology. We had a
further, more ambitious goal, namely to make a contribution to lingustic theory by
uncoveringmajor patterns of variationacrossanimportant subsetoflanguages,by
providingalargetestinggroundfortheoreticalcontroversiesandbyfurtherdevelop-
ingcertaintheoriesinconnectionwithavarietyoflanguages.
Theresultsofourworkaredocumentedintheninefinalvolumes:
PragmaticOrganizationofDiscourseintheLanguagesofEurope
(editedbyG.Bernini)
ConstituentOrderintheLanguagesofEurope(editedbyA.Siewierska)
SubordinationandComplementationintheLanguagesofEurope
(editedbyN.Vincent)
ActanceetValencedansleslanguesdl’Europe(editedbyJ.Feuillet)
AdverbialConstructionsintheLanguagesofEurope(editedbyJ.vanderAuwera)
TenseandAspectintheLanguagesofEurope(editedbyÖ.Dahl)
NounPhraseStructureintheLanguagesofEurope(editedbyF.Plank)
CliticsintheLanguagesofEurope(editedbyH.vanRiemsdijk)
WordProsodicSystemsintheLanguagesofEurope(editedbyH.vanderHulst)
In addition, the EUROTYP Project led to a large number of related activities and
publications,toonumeroustobelistedhere.
At the end of this preface, I would like to express my profound appreciation to
allorganizationsandindividualswhomadethisprojectpossible.Firstandforemost,
I must mention the European Science Foundation, who funded and supported the
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GeneralPreface vii
Programme.Morespecifically,IwouldliketoexpressmyappreciationtoChristoph
Mühlberg, Max Sparreboom and Geneviève Schauinger for their constant and ef-
ficient support, without which we would not have been able to concentrate on our
work.Iwould,furthermore,liketothankmycolleagueandformerassistant,Martin
Haspelmath, and indeed all the participants in the Programme for their dedication
and hard work. I finally acknowledge with gratitude the crucial role played by Jo-
hannes Bechert and Simon Dik in getting this project off the ground. Their illness
anduntimelydeathsdeprivedusalloftwooftheproject’smajorinstigators.
EkkehardKönig,ProgrammeDirector
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Contents
GeneralPreface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
I. Generalissue
GiulianoBernini
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
JimMillerandM.M.JocelyneFernandez-Vest
Spokenandwrittenlanguage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
II. Fromfunctiontoform
ElenaMaslovaandGiulianoBernini
SentencetopicsinthelanguagesofEuropeandbeyond . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
JimMiller
FocusinthelanguagesofEurope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
YaronMatrasandA.MachteltBolkestein
Deixisandanaphora:Somecasestudies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Hans-JürgenSasse
Theticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
III. Fromformtofunction
AlanCruttenden
Thede-accentingofgiveninformation:Acognitiveuniversal? . . . . . . . . 311
RosannaSornicola
Interactionofsyntacticandpragmaticfactorsonbasicwordorderinthe
languagesofEurope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
ChristophSchroeder
ArticlesandarticlesystemsinsomeareasofEurope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
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