european inland fisheries advisory commission methodologies for assessing socio-economic ...

116 Pages·2010·1.54 MB·English

EIFAC Occasional Paper No. 46 SEC/EIFAC/OP46 (En)
ISSN 0285-6096
EIFAC Occasional Paper No. 46 SEC/EIFAC/OP46 (En)
ISSN 0285-6096
EIFAC Occasional Paper No. 46 SEC/EIFAC/OP46 (En)
ISSN 0285-6096

EUROPEAN INLAND FISHERIES ADVISORY COMMISSION

METHODOLOGIES FOR ASSESSING SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS
METOHFO EDUORLOOPGEIEASN FINOLRA ANSDS REESCSIRNEGA TSOIOCNIOAL-E FCIOSNHOEMRIIECS B ENEFITS
OF E UROPEAN INLAND RECREATIONAL FISHERIES
METHODOLOGIES FOR ASSESSING SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS
OF EUROPEAN INLAND RECREATIONAL FISHERIES
METHODOLOGIES FOR ASSESSING SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS

OF EUROPEAN INLAND RECREATIONAL FISHERIES

The Methodologies for assessing socio-economic benefits of European inland
recreational fisheries were prepared in 2009 by the European Inland Fisheries
Advisory Commission (EIFAC) Ad Hoc Working Party on Socio-Economic Aspects
of Inland Fisheries. EIFAC considered that the implementation of fisheries policy and
management would benefit from a more compatible, comparable and scientifically
rigorous application of benefit evaluation methods. These Methodologies were
officially endorsed by the twenty-sixth session of EIFAC, which was held in Zagreb,
Croatia in the period 17-20 May 2010.

ISBN 978-92-5-106636-2 ISSN 0258-6096

9 789251 066362
I1723E/1/08.10
Cover picture: Sunset at Lake Päijänne.
Courtesy of Mr. Veli-Matti Paananen (2004)
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EIFAC EOIcFcAaCsi oOncacla Psaiopnearl NPoa.p 4e6r N o . 4 6 S E C / E SIFEACC//EOIFPA4C6 /(EOnP)46 (En)
EUROPEEAUNR IONPLEAANND IFNILSAHNEDR IFEISS HAEDRVIIESSO RADY VCIOSOMRMYI SCSOIOMNM ISSION

METHOMDEOTLHOOGDIOESLO FGOIRE SA SFSOERS ASSINSGE SSSOICNIGO S-EOCCOION-OEMCIOCN OMIC
BENEFBITESN EOFFI TESU ROOF PEEUARNO IPNELAANN DIN RLAENCDR ERAETCIORNEAATL IONAL
FISHERFIISEHS ERIES

FOOD AFNODO ADG ARNICDU ALGTURIRCEU OLTRUGRAEN IOZRAGTIAONNI ZOAFT ITOHNE O UFN TITHEED U NNAITTEIODN NSA TIONS
Ankara,A 2n0k1a0r a, 2010
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information
product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of
the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the
legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities,
or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of
specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been
patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO
in preference to
others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.
ISBN 978-92-5-106636-2
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PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT

Upon request by the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC), the
present “Methodologies for assessing socio-economic benefits of European inland
recreational fisheries” has been prepared by the EIFAC Working Party on Socio-
Economic Aspects of Inland Fisheries. An expert workshop was held on 12-15 January
2009 in Helsinki, Finland, to discuss the methodologies available and the structure of
this document. Selected stakeholders from academia, national and international fisheries
bodies, fisheries governmental and non-governmental organizations were invited to this
workshop and 21 experts attended. Financial and logistic support to host this workshop
were provided by the Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the
Environment for Central Finland (former Employment and Economic Development
Centre for Central Finland), the Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, and the
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.

The Technical Secretary of EIFAC Sub-Commission IV on “Social and economic
aspects of inland fisheries”, Mr. Raymon van Anrooy (FAO) coordinated, jointly with
the convener of the EIFAC Ad Hoc Working Party on Socio-Economic Aspects of
Inland Fisheries, Mr. Matti Sipponen, the preparation and participatory discussion of
this document. The document passed several rounds of comments from the Working
Party experts and was shared with EIFAC national correspondents for comments in
April 2010. The document was technically edited by Mr. Brad Gentner.

The following persons deserve special credits for their feedback on the various stages of
the draft document: Boisneau, Philippe (France); Bolland, Jon (UK); Castelnaud,
Gérard (France); Hickley, Phil (UK); Håkansson, Cecilia (Sweden); Kappel, Jan
(European Anglers Alliance); Lees, Janek (Estonia); Mikkola, Heimo (Finland);
Marmulla, Gerd (FAO), Metzner, Rebecca (FAO), Mitchell Mark (USA/Finland);
Nykänen Mari (Finland); Peirson, Graeme (UK); Penttinen, Antti (Finland); Riekstins,
Normunds (Latvia); Toivonen, Anna-Liisa (Finland); Treer, Tomislav (Croatia),
Turkowski, Konrad (Poland); Vanberg Johan (Sweden/Finland) and Wawrzyniak, Igor
(Poland).

The “Methodologies for assessing socio-economic benefits of European inland
recreational fisheries” was officially endorsed by the twenty-sixth session of EIFAC,
which was held in Zagreb, Croatia in the period 17-20 May 2010.

The publication of this document was made possible with funding from the FAO Sub-
regional Office for Central Asia (SEC), based in Ankara, Turkey.

Note to the readership of this EIFAC Occasional Paper:

The views expressed in this document are those of its authors and do not necessarily
reflect the views of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(FAO).

iii
Parkkila, K.; Arlinghaus, R.; Artell, J.; Gentner, B.; Haider, W.; Aas, Ø.; Barton, D.;
Roth, E.; and Sipponen, M.
Methodologies for assessing socio-economic benefits of European inland recreational
fisheries
EIFAC Occasional Paper No. 46. Ankara, FAO. 2010. 112p.

ABSTRACT

The EIFAC Methodologies for assessing socio-economic benefits of European inland
recreational fisheries were prepared in 2009 by the European Inland Fisheries Advisory
Commission (EIFAC) Ad Hoc Working Party on Socio-Economic Aspects of Inland
Fisheries. EIFAC considered that the implementation of fisheries policy and
management would benefit from a more compatible, comparable and scientifically
rigorous application of benefit evaluation methods. To reach this goal, the Working
Party prepared guidelines to conduct surveys focusing on social and economic benefits
of inland recreational fishing in EIFAC member countries. Due to institutional aspects
and management traditions, these guidelines are confined to Europe. By means of this
Occasional Paper, the Working Party tries to highlight both the methodological and
practical viewpoints when assessing the monetary value of social net benefits or other
societal benefits from recreational fishing. The purpose is to make societal and
economic valuation more accessible and to give insight to best current practices and
black spots related to these tools.

Disclaimer
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product
do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or
development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or
concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific
companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does
not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to
others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this
information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of
FAO.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................41
2. Social and economic approaches to benefits...................................................................................74
2.1. A joint framework for the human dimensions and economic research paradigms...................74
2.2 Benefits of fishing from the human dimensions (HD) perspective.........................................118
2.2.1 Psychological benefits......................................................................................................129
2.2.2 Physiological benefits.......................................................................................................1130
2.2.3 Social and cultural benefits...............................................................................................1130
2.2.4 Ecological benefits............................................................................................................1130
2.2.5 Summary of HD benefits research....................................................................................1141
2.3 Benefits of fishing from an economic perspective...................................................................1141
2.3.1 Economic value versus economic impact.........................................................................1141
2.3.2 Total economic value........................................................................................................1152
2.3.2.1 Economics of resource allocation..............................................................................1163
2.3.2.2 Economic value of recreational fishing: consumer side............................................1174
2.3.2.3 Economic value of recreational fishing: producer side..............................................2107
2.3.3 Total economic impact......................................................................................................2230
2.4 An integrative framework joining the HD and economic approaches to fisheries benefits....2241
3. Methods for assessment.................................................................................................................2252
3.1. Human dimensions methods for assessing benefits of inland fisheries..................................2252
3.1.1. Study designs: quantitative versus qualitative methods and cross sectional versus
longitudinal designs...................................................................................................................2252
3.1.2. Measurement approaches.................................................................................................2263
3.1.2.1. Psychometric approaches to assess the benefits of fishing.......................................2263
3.1.2.2. Quantitative methods from sports and health sciences to assess physiological
benefits...................................................................................................................................2296
3.1.2.3. Demographic/behavioural measures.........................................................................3207
3.1.2.4. Measures to assess ecological benefits.....................................................................3207
3.1.3. Qualitative methods to assess benefits of recreational fishing........................................3218
3. 2. Economic value: non-market and market valuation methods................................................3229
3.2.1. Stated preference methods...............................................................................................3320
3.2.1.1. Contingent valuation method....................................................................................3330
3.2.1.2. Choice experiment method.......................................................................................3363
3.2.1.3. Stated preference methods - pros and cons...............................................................3396
3.2.2. Revealed preference methods..........................................................................................4318
3.2.2.1. Travel cost method....................................................................................................4318
3.2.2.2. Hedonic pricing method............................................................................................4430
3.2.2.3. Revealed preference methods - pros and cons..........................................................4452
3.2.3. Benefit transfer.................................................................................................................4452
3.2.3.1. Benefit transfer - different approaches......................................................................4463
3.2.3.2. Benefit transfer method - pros and cons...................................................................5418
3.3. Economic impact analysis.......................................................................................................5418
3.4. Market studies and resource rent............................................................................................5541
4. Sampling issues and survey implementation.................................................................................5552
4.1 Observational methods.............................................................................................................5563
4.2 Questionnaire surveys..............................................................................................................5563
4.2.1 Sampling...........................................................................................................................5563
4.2.2 Potential sources of error..................................................................................................5585
4.3. Survey implementation...........................................................................................................5596
5. Guidelines for assessing benefits...................................................................................................6529
5.1. Suitability of different methods..............................................................................................6641
5.1.1 Revealed preference vs. stated preference suitability.......................................................6641
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5.1.2 Decision settings...............................................................................................................6652
5.2 Discussion................................................................................................................................6696
6. Recommendations..........................................................................................................................7618
References..........................................................................................................................................7730
List of abbreviations:.........................................................................................................................8830
Glossary.............................................................................................................................................8831

Appendices
Appendix 1: Examples of used methodology associated to fishery and preservation of fish stocks in
the Nordic countries and the Central Europe.....................................................................................8874
Appendix 2: Major steps when conducting a contingent valuation (CV) study................................8885
Appendix 3: Major steps when conducting a choice experiment (CE) study....................................9829
Appendix 4: Major steps when conducting a travel cost (TC) study.................................................9952
Appendix 5: Table of total economic value (TEV) of recreational fishing in the Nordic countries. 9974
Appendix 6: The Questionnaire used in the study “Economic value of recreational fishery in the
Nordic countries”...............................................................................................................................9985

List of Figures
Figure 1. Relationship of HD and economics as they relate to examining human behaviour.
Figure 2. Categorization of benefits of fishing from a non-economic human dimensions perspective.
Figure 3. Categorization of total economic values (modified from Bateman et al., 2002).
Figure 4: Demand for recreational fishing trips for a given location.
Figure 5. Illustration of the effects of altered demands curves on consumer surplus.
Figure 6: Consumer surplus (CS) and producer surplus (PS) as a measure of economic benefit for
individual (CS) and for producer (PS).
Figure 7. Economic rent for owner of fishing rights and total surplus.
Figure 8. Benefit transfer approaches (Rosenberger & Loomis, 2001).
Figure 9. A continuum of benefits transfer approaches (Barton, 1999).
Figure 10. Relationship between economic and human dimension research.
Figure 11. A continuum of decision settings associated to accurary, costs and time (adapted from
Brookshire, 1992).
Figure 12. Suitability of different non-market valuation methods, both SP and RP, for various
policy and management needs.

List of Tables
Table 1. Some Broad Criteria for Choosing a Survey Type for Economics and Human Dimensions
Research in Inland Fisheries (Source: Vaske 2008).
Table 2. Completed Sample Sizes Needed for Population Sizes and Characteristics at Three Levels
of Precision (Dillman 2000; Table 5.1 p. 207).

List of Boxes
Box 1. The REP inventory applied to measuring general social psychological recreational fishing
benefits.
Box 2. A study documenting differences in benefits from angling among anglers with and without
disabilities (Freudenberg & Arlinghaus, 2010).
Box 3. An exploratory study on exercise effects of small game hunting in Eastern Norway (Kleiven
& Bekkevold, 1994).
Box 4. A study on social inclusion benefits of angling in England (Wightman et al., 2008).
Box 5. Costs and Benefits of Improving Wild Salmon Passage in a Regulated River (Håkansson,
2007; Håkansson, 2006).
Box 6. Winner and losers of conservation policies for European eel: an economic welfare analysis
for differently specialised eel anglers (Dorow et al., 2010).
Box 7. Water clarity effects on near-home water recreation value (Vesterinen & Pouta, 2009).
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Box 8. Value of Water Quality in Summer House Markets (Vesterinen, 2009).
Box 9. Environmental Valuation Reference InventoryTM (EVRITM) – An example of a general
benefits transfer database.
Box 10. Wildlife Habitat Benefits Estimation Toolkit – An example of a specialised benefits
transfer database.
Box 11. Valuing international marine resources – a meta-analysis on the Baltic Sea (Ahtiainen,
2009).
Box 12. Economic impact of inland fisheries (Mawle & Peirson, 2009; Radford, Riddington &
Gibson, 2007).
Box 13. The economic value of recreational fishery in the Nordic countries. Case study of a
multinational survey (Toivonen et al., 2000).
Box 14. Decision support tool for eel management (Dorow et al., 2010).

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