Europe 1789 to 1914: encyclopedia of the age of industry and empire

571 Pages·2006·55.3 MB·English

by  John Merriman

SCRIBNER LIBRARY OF MODERN EUROPE
E
UROPE
1789 1914
TO
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE
AGE OF INDUSTRY AND EMPIRE
EDITORIAL BOARD
EDITORS INCHIEF
John Merriman
Yale University
Jay Winter
Yale University
ASSOCIATEEDITORS
Jane Burbank
New York University
John A. Davis
University of Connecticut
Steven C. Hause
Washington University, St. Louis
Mark S. Micale
University of Illinois
Dennis Showalter
Colorado College
Jonathan Sperber
University of Missouri
SCRIBNER LIBRARY OF MODERN EUROPE
E
UROPE
1789 1914
TO
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE
AGE OF INDUSTRY AND EMPIRE
Volume 1
Abdul-Hamid II to Colonialism
John Merriman and Jay Winter
EDITORSINCHIEF
Europe1789to1914:EncyclopediaoftheAgeofIndustryandEmpire
JohnMerriman
JayWinter
EditorsinChief
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Europe1789to1914:encyclopediaoftheageofindustryandempire/editedbyJohn
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ISBN0-684-31359-6(set:alk.paper)—ISBN0-684-31360-X(v.1:alk.paper)—ISBN
0-684-31361-8(v.2:alk.paper)—ISBN0-684-31362-6(v.3:alk.paper)—ISBN0-684-
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D299.E7352006
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EDITORIAL AND
PRODUCTION STAFF
Project Editors
Thomas Carson, Jennifer Wisinski
Art Editor
Joann Cerrito
Associate Editors
Andrew Claps, Pamela A. Dear
Editorial Support
Deirdre Blanchfield, Alja Collar, Angela Doolin, Carol Schwartz
Manuscript Editors
Jonathan G. Aretakis, John Barclay, Susan Barnett, Sylvia J. Cannizzaro,
Joanna Dinsmore, Ellen Hawley, Christine Kelley, John Krol, Mary Russell,
David E. Salamie, Linda Sanders
Proofreaders
Carol Holmes, Laura Specht Patchkofsky
Indexer
Cynthia Crippen, AEIOU, Inc.
Text Design
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Cover Design
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Imaging
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Permissions
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Publisher
Jay Flynn
CONTENTS
VOLUME 1 Anarchism
Anarchosyndicalism
n Andreas-Salome´, Lou
Anneke, Mathilde-Franziska
Introduction . . . xix
Anticlericalism
Maps of Europe, 1789 to 1914 . . . xxix Anti-Semitism
Chronology . . . xxxvii Aristocracy
Armenia
Armies
Arnold, Matthew
n
Artisans and Guilds
A
Art Nouveau
Abdul-Hamid II Asquith, Herbert Henry
Absinthe Associations, Voluntary
Action Franc¸aise Atget, Euge`ne
Acton, John Athens
Addis Ababa, Treaty of Auclert, Hubertine
Adler, Alfred Augspurg, Anita
Adler, Victor Austen, Jane
Adrianople Austerlitz
Africa Australia
Agassiz, Louis Austria-Hungary
Agricultural Revolution Austro-Prussian War
Airplanes Automobile
Albania Avant-Garde
Alcohol and Temperance
Alexander I
Alexander II
n
Alexander III
B
Alexandra
Algeria Baden-Powell, Robert
Alliance System Bagehot, Walter
Alsace-Lorraine Bakunin, Mikhail
Amsterdam Balkan Wars
vii
CONTENTS
Balzac, Honore´ de Bronte¨, Charlotte and Emily
Banks and Banking Brougham, Henry
Barbizon Painters Brunel, Isambard Kingdom
Barcelona Brussels
Barre`s, Maurice Brussels Declaration
Barry, Charles Budapest
Baudelaire, Charles Bulgaria
B¨aumer, Gertrud Bund, Jewish
Beards Burckhardt, Jacob
Beardsley, Aubrey Bureaucracy
Bebel, August Burke, Edmund
Beethoven, Ludwig van Business Firms and Economic Growth
Belgium Butler, Josephine
Belgrade Byron, George Gordon
Belinsky, Vissarion
Bely, Andrei
Bentham, Jeremy
n
Berdyayev, Nikolai
C
Bergson, Henri
Berlin Cabarets
Berlin Conference Cabet, E´tienne
Berlioz, Hector Caillaux, Joseph
Bernadotte, Jean-Baptiste Cajal, Santiago Ramo´n y
Bernard, Claude Canada
Bernhardt, Sarah Canova, Antonio
Bernstein, Eduard Capitalism
Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von Captain Swing
Bismarck, Otto von Carbonari
Black Hand Carducci, Giosue`
Black Sea Caribbean
Blake, William Carlism
Blanc, Louis Carlsbad Decrees
Blanqui, Auguste Carlyle, Thomas
Blok, Alexander Carpenter, Edward
Body Castlereagh, Viscount (Robert Stewart)
Boer War Catherine II
Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia Catholicism
Bolsheviks Catholicism, Political
Bonald, Louis de Cavour, Count (Camillo Benso)
Bonapartism Center Party
Borodino Central Asia
Bosnia-Herzegovina Ce´zanne, Paul
Bosphorus Chaadayev, Peter
Boulanger Affair Chadwick, Edwin
Boulangism Chamberlain, Houston Stewart
Bourgeoisie Chamberlain, Joseph
Boxer Rebellion Champollion, Jean-Franc¸ois
Brahms, Johannes Charcot, Jean-Martin
Braille, Louis Charles X
Brentano, Franz Charles Albert
viii E U R O P E 1 7 8 9 TO 1 9 1 4
CONTENTS
Chartism Cossacks
Chateaubriand, Franc¸ois-Rene´ Counterrevolution
Chekhov, Anton Courbet, Gustave
Chemistry Crime
Childhood and Children Crimean War
China Crispi, Francesco
Cholera Croce, Benedetto
Chopin, Fre´de´ric Cruikshank, George
Cinema Crystal Palace
Cities and Towns Cubism
Citizenship Curie, Marie
Civilization, Concept of Curzon, George
Civil Society Cuvier, Georges
Class and Social Relations Cycling
Clausewitz, Carl von Czartoryski, Adam
Clemenceau, Georges
Clothing, Dress, and Fashion
Coal Mining
Cobbett, William n
Cobden, Richard D
Cobden-Chevalier Treaty
Daguerre, Louis
Cockerill, John
Danish-German War
Coffee, Tea, Chocolate
D’Annunzio, Gabriele
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor
Danton, Georges-Jacques
Colonialism
Darwin, Charles
Daumier, Honore´
David, Jacques-Louis
VOLUME 2 Davies, Emily
Dea´k, Ferenc
C (CONTINUED) Death and Burial
Colonies Debussy, Claude
Combination Acts Decadence
Commercial Policy Degas, Edgar
Committee of Public Safety Degeneration
Communism Delacroix, Euge`ne
Comte, Auguste Delcasse´, The´ophile
Concert of Europe Demography
Concordat of 1801 Denmark
Congress of Berlin Deraismes, Maria
Congress of Troppau Deroin, Jeanne
Congress of Vienna De Vries, Hugo
Conrad, Joseph Diaghilev, Sergei
Conservatism Dickens, Charles
Constable, John Diet and Nutrition
Constant, Benjamin Dilthey, Wilhelm
Consumerism Diplomacy
Continental System Directory
Cooperative Movements Disease
Corn Laws, Repeal of Disraeli, Benjamin
Corot, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Dohm, Hedwig
E U R O P E 1 7 8 9 TO 1 9 1 4 ix